Scaffold Safety

Subpart L-Scaffold Safety
1926.451-453
Vincent J. Giblin, General President
1293 Airport Road

Beaver, WV 25813
Phone: (304) 253-8674

Fax: (304) 253-7758
E-mail: hazmat@iuoeiettc.org
This material was produced under grant number

46C5-HT16 from the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, U.S. Department of
Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views
or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor
does mention of trade names, commercial
products, or organizations imply endorsement by
the U.S. Government.
Introduction
Subpart L specifies the requirements needed
to safely erect scaffolds or staging.
Scaffolds are temporary platforms workers
use in order to access their work area and to
hold the supplies needed for that job.
Because of the locations and dangers involved,
only trained and competent persons are to erect
scaffolds at the job site.
Operating Engineers
1926.451 Scaffolding
General requirements
All scaffolds are to be
capable of supporting,
without failure, at least
4 times the maximum
intended load.
Operating Engineers
Safety Precautions
Never allow debris/materials to collect on
scaffold
Always use netting to catch anything that falls
Make sure scaffold is secure
Operating Engineers
Safety Precautions
Do not stand
on ties,
guardrails,
or extensions
Operating Engineers
Safety Precautions
Do not overreach
outside the guardrails
Operating Engineers
Safety Precautions
Stay off scaffold during loading or unloading
Replace guardrails after loading or unloading
Use 3-point climbing
Dont hang tarps without evaluation
Exit mobile scaffolds before moved
Operating Engineers
Safety Precautions
Always wear
fall protection
to avoid
accidents
Operating Engineers
Footing or Anchorage
The footing or anchorage
is to be on a solid foundation;
sound, rigid, and capable of
carrying the maximum
intended load without
settling or displacement.
Operating Engineers
10
Footing or Anchorage
The use of unstable
objects to support
planks or scaffolds
is prohibited.
Operating Engineers
11
Guardrails
The use of guardrails is very
important, preventing workers
from falling. Nearly 3/4 of
the reported scaffold accidents
are caused by improper
guarding.
Operating Engineers
12
Guardrails
Open-ended or opensided platforms must
have standard
guardrails and
toeboards.
Operating Engineers
13
Guardrails
The guardrails are to be 2 X 4 and about 42
high with a midrail whenever needed. The
supports for the guardrails are to be at
intervals no more than 8 feet.
Operating Engineers
14
Protective Screening
Overhead protection shall be provided for
men on scaffolds and, in the same sense,
a screen is to be placed
below the scaffold
where persons may in
danger of falling objects.
Operating Engineers
15
Safe Platforms
Scaffold construction is to
be with the proper grade
lumber with a minimum of
1,500 fibers (Stress Grade).
This lumber is marked with
a grading stamp and is free
of defects.
Operating Engineers
16
Safe Platforms
The planking is to be
of Scaffold Grade
wood
or metal, free of
defects that may
contribute to
an accident.
Operating Engineers
17
Safe Platforms
The planking shall be
overlapping or secured
from movement,
extending not less than
6 nor more than 12
over their end supports.
Operating Engineers
18
Safe Platforms
The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall
be plumb (vertical members standing
perpendicular to horizon) and securely and
rigidly braced to prevent swaying and
displacement.
Operating Engineers
19
Safe Platforms
Only synthetic or fiber rope
that has been treated properly
may be used as staging
support where open flame
work or corrosive
substances or chemicals
will be used.
Operating Engineers
20
Safe Platforms
Any means of support for scaffold suspension
shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times
the rated load.
Operating Engineers
21
Safe Access
In order for workers to avoid
injuries when getting on or off
the platform, internal stairs or
attached vertical ladders will
be used.Never use the frame
or braces for climbing!
Operating Engineers
22
Design load
The design load of all scaffolds shall be
calculated on the basis of:
Light--Supporting 25 lbs per square foot
Medium--Supporting 50 lbs. Per square foot
Heavy-- Supporting 75 lbs. Per square foot
Operating Engineers
23
Types of Scaffolds
This standard covers many different scaffold
types. We will touch briefly on the three
basic types that are most commonly used in
the construction industry.
1. Suspension Scaffolds
2. Supported Scaffolds
3. Aerial Lifts (Subpart N)
Operating Engineers
24
Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an
overhead structure)
Single-point adjustable suspension-
These may be power units (either

electrically or air motor driven) or
manually operated winches. All power
operated gears and brakes shall be
enclosed.
Operating Engineers
25
Types of Scaffolds
overhead structure)
Two-point suspension- Theses scaffolds
are to be securely lashed to the building or

structure to prevent them from swaying.
Operating Engineers
26
Types of Scaffolds
overhead structure)
Multi-point suspension- Capable of
sustaining a working load of 25 pounds

per square foot. The platform shall be
securely fastened to the hangers by Ubolts or other equivalent means.
Operating Engineers
27
Types of Scaffolds
overhead structure)
Needle beam- Ropes or hangers used as
supports, shall be attached to the needle

beams by a scaffold hitch or a properly
made eye splice. The loose end of the
rope shall be tied by a bowline knot or by
a round turn and a half hitch.
Operating Engineers
28
Types of Scaffolds
overhead structure)
Interior hung- Hung or suspended from
the roof structure or ceiling beams by rope

capable of supporting at least 6 times the
rated load.
Operating Engineers
29
Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds
The workers on these
scaffolds are to wear fall
protection at all times.
Operating Engineers
30
Types of Scaffolds
These suspension scaffolds must:
Be solidly attached to a structure
Be regularly serviced and inspected
Have proper guardrails, netting, and toeboards
Be at least 20 wide but no wider than 36
Operating Engineers
31
Types of Scaffolds
Upon meeting these requirements, the platform
can be one of four types:
Plank type
Beam-type
Light metal-type
Ladder-type
Operating Engineers
32
Types of Scaffolds
The scaffold unit shall be suspended from
metal outriggers, iron brackets, wire rope
slings, or iron hooks, inspected daily by a
competent person. Supporting parts are to be
inspected before every installation and
periodically inspected during use.
Operating Engineers
33
Types of Scaffolds
Suspension scaffolds are hung by:
Outrigger beam with counterweights
Rolling outrigger beam with counterweights
Parapet clamps
Roof hook or cornice hook
Operating Engineers
34
Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
These scaffolds are raised on posts, uprights,
frames, or outrigger beams. They may also be
mounted on trucks or casters.
Tube and coupler
Frame
Pole
Mobile
Operating Engineers
35
Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Tube and coupler scaffolds- Have limited
heights to be followed using tables L-10-L-12.
Light, medium, and heavy duty tube and
coupler scaffolds are to follow specified
requirements for the appropriate categories, all
of which are to hold 4 times the maximum
intended loads.
Operating Engineers
36
Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Pole - Scaffold poles shall bear on a
foundation of sufficient size and strength to
spread the load from the pole over a sufficient
area to prevent settlement. Independent pole
scaffolds shall be set as near to the wall of the
building as practicable.
Operating Engineers
37
Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Frame - Proper cross bracing or diagonal
bracing is to be used for securing vertical
members together laterally with coupling or
stacking pins to provide proper vertical
alignment of the legs.
Operating Engineers
38
Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Mobile - When freestanding mobile scaffold
towers are use, the height
shall not exceed four
times the minimum base
dimension.
Operating Engineers
39
Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Mobile - When using
casters, they are to have
a positive locking
device to hold the
scaffold in position.
Operating Engineers
40
Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Mobile - A ladder or
stairway, affixed to or
built into the scaffold,
shall provide proper
access and exit
Operating Engineers
41
Types of Scaffolds
Manually propelled mobile
ladder stands and scaffolds
This section applies
to ladder stands
(not aerial) and
rolling scaffolds (towers).
Operating Engineers
42
Types of Scaffolds
Due to the wide variety of materials and
design possibilities, specified design and
construction requirements are not a part of
this section.
Operating Engineers
43
Types of Scaffolds
The minimum platform width for any work
level shall not be less than 20 inches for
mobile scaffolds. Ladder stands shall have
a minimum step width of 16 inches, with all
exposed surfaces free from sharp edges,
burrs or other safety hazards.
Operating Engineers
44
Types of Scaffolds
Wheels or casters shall
be properly designed for
strength and dimensions
to support four times the
design working load.
Operating Engineers
45
1926.556
Aerial lifts (Subpart N)
These are vehicle-mounted
elevating and rotating work
platforms such as ladder
trucks and tower trucks.
Aerial lifts are to be
operated only by
authorized persons.
Operating Engineers
46
1926.556
Aerial ladders shall be secured in the lower
traveling position by the locking device on
top
of the truck cab, and the manually operated
device at the base of the ladder before the
truck is moved for highway travel.
Operating Engineers
47
1926.556
Never move an aerial lift
truck when the boom is
elevated in a working
position with men in the
basket, except where
specifically designed for
this type of operation.
Operating Engineers
48
1926.556
Lifts that are used primarily as personnel
carriers must have both platform (upper) and
lower controls. The lower controls are to
override the upper controls, never to be used
without permission from the employee in the
lift, except in emergencies.
Operating Engineers
49
1926.556
While working on aerial lifts, employees shall:
Always stand firmly
on the floor of the
basket and not sit or
climb on the edge
Operating Engineers
50
1926.556
Wear a body belt
and have a lanyard
attached to the
boom or basket
for fall protection
Operating Engineers
51
1926.556
Keep within specified load limits
Use brakes and wheel chocks when needed
Operating Engineers
52
1926.556
Examples:
Telescoping
Rotating boom
Scisor type
Operating Engineers
53
This material was produced under grant number

46C5-HT16 from the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, U.S. Department of
Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views
or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor
does mention of trade names, commercial
products, or organizations imply endorsement by
the U.S. Government.
End
This publication was made possible by
grant numbers 5 U45 ES06182-13 AND
5 U45 ES09763-13 from the National
Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences (NIEHS), NIH. Its contents
are solely the responsibility of the
authors and do not necessarily
represent the official views of the
NIEHS, NIH.
Operating Engineers
55

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Subpart L-Scaffold Safety

Vincent J. Giblin, General President

1293 Airport Road

Phone: (304) 253-8674

This material was produced under grant number

Single-point adjustable suspension-

These may be power units (either

are to be securely lashed to the building or

Multi-point suspension- Capable of

sustaining a working load of 25 pounds

Needle beam- Ropes or hangers used as

supports, shall be attached to the needle

the roof structure or ceiling beams by rope

This material was produced under grant number

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