Heat

Transfer
Types of Heat
Exchangers

1- Double Pipe Heat

W,C ,
Exchangers
p

T2

OD

Hair pin

ID

w,cp,t1
Return
bend

DJ

Q=w cp (t2-t1)=W Cp (T1-T2)=Uo Aotm

w=

w,cp,t2
l
W,Cp,
T1

W=
Ao=

 Advantages of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers:

1. Simplest type of heat exchangers
2. Can be easily assembled
3. Relatively low cost/ft2
4. Small sizes results in high Re and
consequently high h
Disadvantages of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers:
1. Leakages are very common
2. Requires a lot of time in dismantling and
cleaning
3. Small surface area of heat transfer/pipe
4. Space requirements are large
Double pipe heat exchangers should be considered first in design. The
heat transfer surface should not exceed 200 ft2.
If several double pipes are required, their weight increases and thus
the shell and tube heat exchangers is better.

2- Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Non-baffled Heat ExchangersW,C ,
p

T1

w,cp,t1
w,cp,t2

W,Cp,
T2

l
Q = w cp (t2-t1) = W Cp (T1-T2) = Uo Aotm

IDs

w=
Nt

W=
Ao=

di
d
o

 Baffled Heat Exchangers

1 - 1 Heat
Exchanger

W,Cp,
T1

w,cp,t2

w,cp,
t1

B
W,Cp,
T2

Q = w cp (t2-t1) = W Cp (T1-T2) = Uo Aotm

w=

W=

Ao=

ID
s

 Baffled Heat Exchangers

m - n Heat Exchanger
1 - 2 Heat
Shell Tube
passespasses
Exchanger

W,Cp,
T1

w,cp,
t1
w,cp,t2
B
W,Cp,
T2

Q = w cp (t2-t1) = W Cp (T1-T2) = Uo Aotm

w=

W=

Ao=

ID
s

Pt: Pitch: the distance between the

centers of two adjacent tubes

Triangular Pitch

c: Clearence: the distance between the

tangents of two adjacent tubes
c=Pt-do

Pt
Advantages of triangular Pitch layout:
1. More compact for the same shell size
2. More heat transfer area, thus more heat transfer
3. Less flow area of the shell increases its heat transfer coefficient

Disadvantages of triangular Pitch layout:

1. When the outer fluid causes fouling, they are difficult to clean
due to their narrow interspaces
2. Offers high shell side pressure drop

Pt: Pitch: the distance between the

centers of two adjacent tubes

Square Pitch

c: Clearence: the distance between the

tangents of two adjacent tubes
c=Pt-do

Pt
Advantages of Square Pitch layout:
1. Shell side pressure drop is comparatively small
2. Outer surface of the tubes is more accessible for cleaning with
tools
3. Used for highly viscous or fouling shell side fluids
Disadvantages of Square Pitch layout:
1. Less number of tubes and thus less heat transfer area

Usually, triangular pitch is preferable

unless the shell side fluid is viscous or
fouling

Baffles
Used to increase
the residence time
of the shell side
fluid and increase
its turbulence and
B
hence
its
heat
transfer coefficient.
B=Baffle Spacing= the distance between two
adjacent baffles
The closer the baffle spacing, the smaller available
flow area and consequently high shell Re and
consequently
high ho.
B <B<B
min

<B<or

max

Baffles

2 - 4 Heat
Exchanger

W,Cp,
T1

w,cp,
t1

w,cp,t2

Ao=

W,Cp,
T2

3 - 6 Heat
Exchanger

W,Cp,
T1

w,cp,
t1

w,cp,t2

W,Cp,
T2

Ao=

Routing of the fluids

1. High pressure fluids, more fouling or more
corrosive fluids are routed in the tubes.
2. More viscous fluids or low flow rate fluids (low Re)
are routed in the shell.. To avoid excessive shell
side pressure drop, baffles might have to be
omitted in the case of highly viscous fluids.
3. Larger flow rate stream is routed in the larger
cross sectional area, so as to bring both fluid
mass velocities close to one another.
4. Cooling water or heating steam should be routed
in the tubes unless the fluid being cooled or
heated is under comparatively high pressure or if
it is highly fouling.

Reverse Flow
It is clear from the above figures that the flow of
fluids in shell and tube heat exchangers are neither
pure parallel nor counter flow. This flow is called
reverse flow.
To obtain high velocities and corresponding high heat
transfer coefficients, either or both fluids must
reverse directions one or more times while flowing
through
the exchanger. This results in a combination
For both
reverse and cross flow exchangers, (mean
of counter and parallel flow.
temperature difference) cannot be taken as the
Logarithmic mean temperature Difference of either
parallel or counter flow only, since it is a
contribution of both.

In this case, is obtained by multiplying LMTD of a

counter current flow (double pipe arrangement) by
a temperature difference correction factor (Ft)
Thus Fouriers Law takes the form:

Q = Uo Aotm
Q = Uo Ao Ft LMTD

The factor Ft depends on factors R and S

T1

R=heat capacity ratio= = =

S=heating effectiveness= =

T2

t2

t1

Countercurrent Flow