METHODS OF TEACHING - Updated

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION
METHODS OF TEACHING
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION
OBJECTIVES:
1. to uncover teaching strategies such as expository and
exploratory strategies;
2. to apply different teaching methodologies In teaching IT
topics.
Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero
Two Types of Teaching Methods

Direct
Approach
Demonstrative
Expository Strategies
Expository
Deductive
Inductive
Exploratory
Reflective
Experiential
Approach
Constructivism
Exploratory Strategies
Problem Solving
Laboratory
Inquiry
Metacognition
When to use Expository and Exploratory Strategies

Direct Instruction
Characteristics of Expository and Exploratory Strategy

Expository Strategy

Direct
Approach
Demonstrative
Expository
Deductive
Inductive
Discovery
Reflective
Experiential
Approach
Constructivism
Problem Solving
Laboratory
Inquiry
Metacognition
Direct Approach - Expository
Demonstration Method
Telling and showing method performed

usually by a teacher or a trained student
while the rest of the class become
observers.
Used when:
Process is significant but apparatus needed is limited
How to use:
Example: Data Communication and Networking
In Data Communication and

Networking, technology used or
being discussed are sometimes
expensive or not available in the
laboratory, this can be discussed
by showing illustrations of the said
apparatus. Apparatus can be
shown physically or by computer
visualization. The teacher can
discuss the parts of the Access
Point as shown in the figure and
other facts pertaining to the figure.
Expository or Didactic Method

A telling method where facts , concepts,
principles, and generalizations are stated,
presented, defined, interpreted by the teacher,
and followed by the application or testing of
these concepts, principles, and generalizations in
new examples generated by students.

Example: Database Management System
Using expository method, the

teacher can discuss the ER
diagram shown. After
discussing the diagram, the
teacher can show another
example of two entities
without attributes then let the
students supply them. The
example below can be given:
STUDENT
DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT

When to use?

How to use:

Example: DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Explaining Metropolitan
Area Network (MANs) can be
done using this illustration. It
will be easier for them to
understand MAN through this
instead of letting them imagine
the setup. The teacher can
discuss how the MAN works.
Deductive Teaching
Process of teaching that starts with a rule or
general statement that is applied to specific
cases / examples.
Used when students are asked to test a rule or
further develop it, to answer questions or solve
problems by referring to laws, principles, and
theories.
Deductive Teaching
How to present it:
I. Statement of the problem
Deductive Teaching
Example
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Roles of Business Analyst

Identify how technology can improve
business process
Design new business process
Design the information system
Ensure that the system conforms to
Information System Standards
Teacher should explain each

items, an example per item
will be a great help
Deductive Teaching
Example

business process
Examples of businesses that use technology

can be shown or cited like the figure
shown. Then Let the students name few
examples that they already encountered.
Deductive Teaching
Example

business process
Existing business process can be set as an

example, the n let the students thin k of other
business process that can be improved in the
school or in any other business transaction that
they know.
http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.commonvision.com.au/images/business-process-reviewdia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.commonvision.com.au/business-process-review.html&usg=__o8H_EoGhTYVwNdE-zSmSLa6UoY=&h=347&w=600&sz=28&hl=tl&start=18&itbs=1&tbnid=JeUnRA5BV05arM:&tbnh=78&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbusiness
%2Bprocess%26hl%3Dtl%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1
Deductive Teaching
Example

business process
Steps on how to design an information

system can be shown so that students
could have an idea how these systems
are developed.
Deductive Teaching
Example

business process
IT standards can be discussed by citing books or

evaluation standard samples can also be
discussed to the students then cite examples so
that students can relate to it.
http://www.addebook.com/it/uncategorized/the-it-regulatory-and-standards-compliancehandbook-how-to-survive-information-systems-audit-and-assessments_8863.html

Direct
Approach
Demonstrative
Expository
Deductive
Inductive
Exploratory
Reflective
Experiential
Approach
Constructivism
Problem Solving
Laboratory
Inquiry
Metacognition
Experiential Methodologies: Exploratory
Experiential Approach - Exploratory
Inductive Teaching
- An exploratory method of logic where one arrives at
Inductive Teaching
Example
SYSTEMS QUALITY ASSURANCE
Let the students analyze the

figure about the files
exchange of the automated
election that we had last May
10. It can be a group activity
then let them write their
observation then let the group
with the best answer discuss
the flow before the class if
there is still time.
Exploratory Method
When to use Exploratory Method:
How to use Exploratory Method
Exploratory Method
How to present it:

Step 1: Preparation: Set specific cases, instances, and examples to the
Exploratory Method
Example OPERATING SYSTEMS
If there is a new existing version

of operating system, let the
students do their own
installation of the said
operating system then let
them document the process
of installation and come up
with an installation guide.
Discovery Teaching
A method in which thoughts are synthesized to perceive
something that the individual has not know before.
The learner gets directly involved in learning.
Learning is a result of the learners own insight, reflection,
and experience.
Discovery Teaching
How to use Discovery Method
Step 1: Presenting specific examples, instances for ob
Discovery Teaching
Example: INTRO TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Provide around three program samples to the students, let them identify the output, of course its an infinite loop, but let
them identify the program logic why it became infinite loop.
public class findoutputForLoop {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for(;;)
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}
http://www.java-examples.com/infinite-loop-example
class ForDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=1; i<11; i--)
{
System.out.println("Count is: " + i);
}
}
}
class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[]
args){
int count = 1;
while (count < 11)
{ System.out.println("Count is:
" + count);
Count--;
}
}
}
Problem Solving Method

Problem solving is any purposeful activity that will
remove a recognized difficulty or perplexity in a
situation through the process of reasoning.
When
to use Problem
Solving
Method
Problem
Solving
Method
Use this when the goal is:
to sharpen the power to think, reason, and create new
Problem Solving Method

Example : Fundamentals of Programming
After discussing the FOR statement

in Java, ask the students to
review printing of numbers 1 to
2010 in using WHILE statement
then let them use the FOR
statement to generate numbers 1
to 10.
If there were several machine
problems given in the WHILE
statement, let the students
convert it to FOR statement.
class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = 1;
while (count < 11) {
System.out.println("Count is: " +
count);
count++;
}
}
}
Project Method
A significant unit of a problematic nature carried
on by students in a lifelike manner in a natural
setting. It may be a construction, an enjoyment,
a problem, or a learning project.
Project
Method
When to use Project
Method
When problems in life situation exist
Project
Steps in Project
Method
Method
Purposing Determining goals and activities coop
Project Method
Example : SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
http://www.lifecyclestep.com/open/407.2TheRoleofanAnalyst.htm
After discussing each

phase of the
Software
Development Life
Cycle. The students
can accomplish tasks
per phase and submit
documentation of the
activities and output
that were done
during the actual
group visit
Laboratory Method
A set of first hand learning activities wherein the
individual investigates a problem, conducts
experiments, observes processes, or applies
theories and principles in a simulated setting.
Laboratory Method
Why use Laboratory Method
1.
To cultivate students skills in the basic science

processes
2. To enhance higher order thinking skills
3. To induct learners to scientific processes
Laboratory Method
Example: INTRODUCTION TO DATA STRUCTURES
After giving an array example to the students, let them work on a problem like the ones given below:
public class ArrayAverage {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = new int[]{10,20,15,25,16,60,100};
int sum = 0;
for(int i=0; i < numbers.length ; i++)
sum = sum + numbers[i];
double average = sum / numbers.length;
System.out.println("Average value of array elements is : " + average);
}
}
Work on the following problems:

An array program that could sort
5 integers in ascending order
An array program that could sort
5 integers in descending order
An array program that could
spell words backward
an array program that could
count the occurrence of each
character.
Inquiry Teaching
Learners are confronted with a puzzling situation and are led to enter
into investigative work to solve the problem
How?
1. Presentation of a problem / puzzling situation
2. Defining problem
3. Gathering and appraising information
4. Organizing information
5. Drawing conclusions
6. Evaluating
Inquiry Teaching
Example: DISCRETE MATH
Using the given Venn Diagram,

ask the students to prove the
Associative Law of Sets:
(AUB )UC = AU(BUC)
This can be done by the following
steps:
1. Identify the elements per set
using the given in the Venn
Diagram
2. Apply the operation on sets
required to prove the given
property.
a
d
f
e
b g
c
h
j
kl
C
Reflective Teaching
An on going process that enables individuals to
continually learn from their own experiences by
considering alternative interpretations of
situations, generating and+ evaluating goals,
and examining experiences in the light of
alternative goals and hypothesis
Reflective Teaching
Example: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
In the systems development life cycle, the
students can write their actual experience
per phase. If youve come to notice,
students normally copy the definition of
the phases per phase but they could
actually discuss this the way how they
experience things during systems
development.
Stages of Reflective Teaching

Concrete Experience
Observation and Analysis
Abstract Reconceptualization
Active Experimentation
Metacognitive Teaching Approaches

A teaching approach where learners are trained to
become aware of and exert over their own
learning by using metacognitive processes.

How to use Metacognitive Approach
Through the use of the following metacognitive processes

1. Planning: deciding what my goals are and what
strategies to use to get there
2. Deciding: what further knowledge or resources needed
3. Monitoring progress along the way.
4. Evaluating when I have arrived
5. Terminating when the goal has been met.

Example: THESIS WRITING
The students enrolled in thesis class could write their personal plan on
writing their thesis using the metacognitive teaching approach format
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Planning: this could contain the selected focus on the thesis

Deciding: this could include the algorithm or technology that will be
used for the systems development
Monitoring : this should include how the monitoring should be to
ensure that the project will be performed as scheduled
Evaluating: this should include means to evaluate the progress of the
systems development
Terminating: this should include the factor to determine when to stop
Thank you very much!

METHODS OF TEACHING - Updated

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INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

Two Types of Teaching Methods

When to use Expository and Exploratory Strategies

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Characteristics of Expository and Exploratory Strategy

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Two Types of Teaching Methods

Direct Approach - Expository

Telling and showing method performed

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

In Data Communication and

Expository or Didactic Method

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Expository or Didactic Method

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Expository or Didactic Method

Using expository method, the

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Expository or Didactic Method

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Expository or Didactic Method

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Expository or Didactic Method

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

Direct Approach - Expository

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Roles of Business Analyst

Teacher should explain each

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Roles of Business Analyst

Examples of businesses that use technology

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Roles of Business Analyst

Existing business process can be set as an

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Roles of Business Analyst

Steps on how to design an information

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Direct Approach - Expository

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Roles of Business Analyst

IT standards can be discussed by citing books or

Mr. Jonathan M. Caballero

Two Types of Teaching Methods