Using Transmission Lines III class 7

Purpose Consider finite

transition time edges and GTL.

Acknowledgements: Intel Bus Boot Camp:

Michael Leddige

Agenda
Source Matched transmission of signals with

finite slew rate

Real Edges
Open and short transmission line analysis for
source matched finite slew rates
GTL
Analyzing GTL on a transmission line
Transmission line impedances
DC measurements
High Frequency measurements
Using Transmission
Lines

Introduction to Advanced Transmission

Line Analysis
Propagation
Propagationof
of pulses
pulses with
withnon-zero
non-zerorise/fall
rise/fall times
times
Introduction
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to GTL
GTLcurrent
current mode
modeanalysis
analysis

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Using Transmission
Lines

Ramp into Source Matched T- line

Ramp function is step

function with finite rise

time as shown in the graph.
The amplitude is 0 before
time t0
At time t0 , it rises with
straight-line with slope
At time t1 , it reaches final
amplitude VA
Thus, the rise time (TR) is
equal to t1 - t0 .
The edge rate (or slew rate)
is
VA /(t1 - t0 )

RS

I1

Z0 ,0
l

V1

VS

T = T0 l

VA

t0

Using Transmission
Lines

t1

I2

V2

Ramp into Source Matched T- line

RS

VS

I1

Z0 ,0
l

V1

T = T0 l
VA

t0

t1

Using Transmission
Lines

I2

V2

Ramp Function
Ramp function is step function with
finite rise time as shown in the
graph.
The amplitude is 0 before time t0
At time t0 , it rises with straight-line with
slope
At time t1 , it reaches final amplitude VA
Thus, the rise time (TR) is equal to t1 - t0 .
The edge rate (or slew rate) is
VA /(t1 - t0 )
Using Transmission
Lines

Ramp Cases

When dealing with ramps in

transmission line networks, there are

three general cases:
Long line (T >> TR)
Short line (T << TR)
Intermediate (T ~ TR)

Using Transmission
Lines

Real Edges
Set up time array
tmin 0 ns tmax 1.5 ns

imax 1000 i 0 imax

Specify Rise Time

Spec amplitude

r .5 ns

A 1

Amplitude

imax

Spec Waveshape

b A a
i

12

ps 10

ns 10

sec

Spec Slew Adj Fctr

n 3

Define Wave signal vs. time array

sajf n

t i
r

a A 1 e

i
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

t tmin

tmax

sajf .849

Assignment: Find
sajf for a Gaussian
and capacitive
edge
0

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
time in nanoseconds

3.5

4.5

Neat trick to find rise time

threshold .1 A threshold .9 A
1

i_thresholds hist ( threshold a)

define 10 and 90% thresholds

risetime t

i_thresholds1 i_thresholds0

Using Transmission
Lines

i_thresholds0

risetime
ns

0.5

sec

C u r ren t (A )

Short Circuit Case

I1
I2

IA
0.75IA
0.5I A

Current

V o l ta ge (V )

0.25IA

Time(ns)

V1
V2

VA
0.75VA

Voltage

0.5VA
0.25VA

Next step

Time(ns)

Replace the step function response with

one modified with a finite rise time
The voltage settles before the
Using
Transmission
reflected wave
is encountered.
Lines

10

Open Circuit with Finite Slew Rate

I

0.75I

0.5I

0.25I

Current

Time (ns)

V1

Voltage (V)

Current (A)

V2

0.75V

Voltage

0.5V
A

0.25V
A

Using Transmission
Lines

4 Time (ns)

Consider the Short Circuit Case

Voltage and current waveforms are

shown for the step function as a

refresher
Below that the ramp case is shown
Both the voltages and currents
waveforms are shown with the rise time
effect
For example I2 doubles at the load end
in step case, instantaneously
in the ramp case, it takesTR
Using Transmission
Lines

11

Ramp into Source Matched Short T-line

RS

Very interesting case

Interaction between rising

edge and reflections
Reflections arrive before the
applied voltage reaches
target amplitude

Again, let us consider the

V1

VS

I2

Z0 ,0
L, T

Short

V2

R
0.5VA

V
o
ltag
e(V
)

short circuit case

Let TR = 4T
The voltage at the source
(V1) end is plotted

I1

VRamp
VStep

0.375VA
0.25VA

showing comparison between0.125VA

ramp and step

The result is a waveform with

three distinct slopes
The peak value is 0.25VA

Solved with simple geometry and

Using Transmission
algebra

Lines

Time(ns)

12

Ramp into a Source Matched, Intermediate Length T-Line

For the intermediate length

Short Circuit Case

transmission line, let the TR = 2T

The voltage at the source (V1)

end is plotted for two cases

comparison between ramp and step

R
0.5VA
Voltage(V)

The reflected voltage arrives at the

source end the instant the input
voltage has reached target peak

0.25VA
0.125VA

Negative reflected voltage arrives

and reduces the amplitude until zero
The result is a sharp peak of value
0.5VA

Time(ns)

Open Circuit Case

R
VA
Voltage(V)

Positive reflected voltage arrives

and increases the amplitude to VA
The result is a continuous, linear line

V Ramp
V Step

0.375VA

Short circuit case

Open circuit case

13

0.75VA

V Ramp
V Step

0.5VA
0.25VA

Using Transmission
Lines

4 Time(ns)

14

Gunning Transistor Logic (GTL)

Chip (IC)

V
Chip (IC)

Voltage source is outside of chip

Reduces power pins and chip power dissipation
Open Drain circuit
Related to earlier open collector switching
Can connect multiple device to same.
Performs a wire-or function
Can be used for multi-drop bus

Using Transmission
Lines

Basics of GTL signaling current mode transitions

15

Low to High
Steady state low
VL

High to Low
Steady state high

Vtt R (n)
Rtt R (n)

Vtt
Zo

R(n)

Vtt
Rtt

R(n)

Vtt
IL
Rtt R(n)

Switch opens
Rtt
Zo

Vtt

Rtt Zo
V Vtt Vstep 1

Rtt

Zo

Vtt

Rtt Zo
V Vstep 1
VL
Rtt Zo

Vstep I L Zo

V Vtt

Switch closes

R(n)

Rtt

Zo

Rtt
Zo

R(n)

Using Transmission
Lines

Vstep Vtt

Zo
Zo R(n)

16

Basics of current mode transitions - Example

VV ( a ) _ rise VL Vstep VL I L Zo

70 50

VV (b ) _ rise 18.29mA 50 1
0.219 1.29V
70

50

(0.219) (18.29mA 50) 1.13V

1.6

1.5 V

1.4

V(a)

50 ohms

1.2

12 Ohms

Volts

1.0

V(b)
V(a)

0.8

1.5
IL
18.29mA
70 12

VV ( a ) _ fall 1.5 1.5

0.6

0.4

VL

1.5 12
0.219V
70 12

0.0
0

Using Transmission
Lines
6

Time, ns

10

V(b)

50
0.29
50 12

VV (b ) _ fall 1.5 1.5

0.2

70 ohms

50
70 50
1
0.088V
50 12
70 50

12

17

GTL, GTL+ BUS LOW to HIGH TRANSITION

END AGENT DRIVING - First reflection
IL

Vtt

Vtt
V(A)

Rtt
Zo

Zs

Rtt
V(B)

R(n)
IL = Low steady state current
VL = Low steady state voltage
Vdelta = The initial voltage step launched onto the line
Vinitial = Initial voltage at the driver
T = The transmission coefficient at the stub

Vtt

1
Rtt R (n)
2
Vtt R (n)
VL
1
Rtt R (n)
2
Vdelta I L Zo || Rtt
Zo || Zs Zo
@ stub
Zo || Zs Zo
T 1 @ stub

I L Zo Rtt
Zo Rtt

Vinitial Vdelta VL
Notice termination
was added at the
V ( A) 2 T Vdelta VL
source
Rtt Zo

V
(
B
)

V
1

VL
delta
Using Transmission
Rtt Zo

Why?
Lines

GTL, GTL+ BUS HIGH to LOW TRANSITION

END AGENT DRIVING - First reflection
Vtt

Vtt
V(A)

Rtt
Zo

Zs

18

Vtt R (n)
1
Rtt R (n)
2
Rtt || Zo
Vdelta Vtt
Rtt || Zo R(n)
Zo || Zs Zo
@ stub
Zo || Zs Zo
T 1 @ stub
VL

Rtt
V(B)

R(n)

IL = Low steady state current

VL = Low steady state voltage
Vdelta = Initial voltage launched onto the line
Vinitial = Initial voltage at the driver
T = The transmission coefficient at the stub

Vinitial Vtt Vdelta

V ( A) Vtt 2 T Vdelta
Rtt Zo
V ( B ) Vtt T Vdelta 1

Rtt Zo

Using Transmission
Lines

Transmission Line Modeling Assumptions

All physical transmission have non-TEM

characteristic at some sufficiently high frequency.

Transmission line theory is only accurate for TEM
and Quasi-TEM channels
Transmission line assumption breaks down at certain
physical junctions
Transmission line to load
Transmission line to transmission line
Transmission line to connector.

Assignment

Electrically what is a connector (or package)?

Electrically what is a via? I.e. via modeling
PWB through vias
Package blind and buried vias

Using Transmission
Lines

19

Driving point impedance freq. domain

Telegraphers formula
Driving point impedance
MathCAD and investigation
R, L, C, G per unit
length
Zin
Rdie

Using Transmission
Lines

Cdie

20

21

Driving Point Impedance Example

Physical Constants
12

ps 10

sec

ns 10

Propagation Constant
Tpd

1
Vc

sec

nH 10

Speed of light

( f) 2 f Tpd

Zo

Zl cos l j Zo sin l
Zo cos l

h 10

7 mho

henry 5.967 10

8 m

Vc 3 10

Tpd 2.107

Input Impedance of a Transmission Line

Zin Zl Zo l

henry

ns

r 1

o r

r 4.3

a b
Function for parallel circuit:
Cap function ZC( Cx f)
par( a b )

sec

ab

ft

1
j 2 f Cx

Set up Frequency Range For Plotting

nl 100 nf 0 nl 1 fmin 1MHz

j Zl sin l

7 henry

o 4.0 10

Linear Lossy Transmission Line Parameters

L 11

nH

C 4.4

in

pF
in

R .2

fmax 1GHz

in

freq

nf

14 mho

G 10

in

fmin

( fmax fmin ) nf
nl

Characteristic Impedance
Z0( f)

Load Impedance Cdie 1pF Rdie 40ohm Z1( f) par( ZC( Cdie f) Rdie)

L j 2 f R
C j 2 f G

Expand and impedances to define driving point Impecnace

Z1( f) cos 2 er
Vc

Zin ( er len f) Z0( f)

f
Z0( f) cos 2 er
Vc

Vc

len i Z0( f) sin 2

1
2

er

Vc

len i Z1( f) sin 2

len

2
er len

80

Zin r 10in freq nf

60
40
20

Using Transmission
Lines

2 10

4 10

6 10
freq nf

8 10

1 10

22

Measurement DC (low frequency)

2 Wire Method
Calibration Method
Ohm
Meter

Measur
eV

I*r=ERROR Z=(V_measureV_short)/I
UNK

Ohm
Meter

Measur

4 Wire or
eV
I
Kelvin
measurement
eliminates Using Transmission
error
Lines

UNK

High Frequency Measurement

At high frequencies 4 wires are impractical.

The 2 wire reduces to a transmission line
The Vshort calibration migrates to
calibration with sweep of frequencies for
selection of impedance loads.
Because of the nature of transmission lines
illustrated in earlier slides

Vector Network Analyzers (VNAs) used this

basic method but utilized s-parameters
More later on s parameters.
Using Transmission
Lines

23

24

Assignment

Find driving point impedance vs.

frequency of a short and open line

(a) Derive the equation
(b) given L=10inch, Er=4, L=11 nH/in, C=4.4
pF/in, R=0.2 Ohm/in, G=10^(-14) Mho/in,
plot the driving point impedance vs freq
for short & open line. (Mathcad or Matlab)
(c) Use Pspice to do the simulation and
validate the result in (b)
Using Transmission
Lines