Internet of things

WSN
It is the millions of sensors which give data that can be processed to
useful information.
WSNs were driven by industrial needs and upgrades.
Initially sensors were big, then MEMS reduced the size.
Components of the sensors.
Arranging of sensors, network formation, data transfer to gateway.
Reliable connection between IP and sensor network.
Self-Adaptive flow control to remove interference, occlusion. Adjusts
transmission flow
Data Aggregation- removing redundant data and reduce energy
consumed.

 security is built to protect the confidentiality, integrity and

availability of network data.
Trust, security and privacy
Bootstrapping is a statistical technique that tests the sampling
errors of a phylogenetic tree. It does so by repeatedly sampling
trees through slightly perturbed datasets. (From bio informatics)
Securing the routing is making sure that data is protected from false
location, wormhole, cesspool attacks.
Data aggregation security- each node sends date and data to
aggregation node which judges the reliability by aggregation
calculations. Then this sends to central node which does final
aggregation calculation.

Challenges
Scale
Range of use, the domains will increase.
Disruptive business models and its scaling.
No individual ownership, group ownership, more than
one organization will access the same.
Range of objects covered will increase even bacteria,
nanotubes etc.
Real time control with reliability will be mandatory.
Architecture divergence

The need
An architecture framework (reference model, reference
architecture plus guidance of how to apply them) that
fosters the reuse of architectural principles and the
reuse of system modules and concepts is needed.
The need for reference architecture.

Ultra large sensing devices

50 billion new machine-to-machine (M2M) devices will
appear in the next 10 years
Large amount of heterogeneous data must be handeled.

Sensor network architecture

Each network of sensors have different architecture.
Information sharing is difficult as they have different platform, OS,
database and middleware.
3rd Party architecture can not be integrated easily.
Hence the large scale sensor network technology is limited in use.
Requirement for a more flexible and open system framework is
urgent.
One way to remove this bottlenecking of IoT is using pervasive
computing as it is a basic framework for sharing information.
Web related sensors have two trends one is share sensors and
other is to make a sensor cooperate with other sensors.

High concurrent access

There is a requirement of rigorous performance when network has
large number of sensors. Low latenacy is very important.
Second level latency for 100s of sensors can be supported with the
existing technology.
For future however, for high concurrent access can not be met with
the existing one.
scheduled-based access technology resources are underutilized
Contention-based access technology--resource utilization conflict
Overloads in some cases.
Solutions: 1) Bluetooth based wireless interface for sensors 2) IEEE
802.11-based wireless networks

High concurrent access with

frequency division multiplexing
Bluetooth technology operates within the range of 2
400 MHz to 2 483.5 MHz, has 79 designated Bluetooth
channels and exchanges data over short distances.
meet the requirements for light traffic and high
concurrency.

High concurrent access with

distributed antenna systems
IEEE 802.11is a set of MAC and physical layer (PHY)
specifications for implementing WLAN communication in
the 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz frequency
bands.
utilizing channel states-aware resource allocation, data
aggregation, packet aggregation and other performance
optimization methods, data latency can be reduced to
10 ms.

High real-time transmission

traditional WSN research focuses on how to improve
network reliability and reduce power consumption.
Continuous development of the infrastructures in smart
cities, the network coverage area is increasing and so
are the real-time requirements for transmission.
Ex: road conditions and the number of vehicles, rate of
speed, process needs to be completed within one
second, which presents new demand for the real-time
transmission of the sensor network system in wide
areas.

 Development of these network technologies, especially

multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) and orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) technologies in
wireless communication, greatly increases the spectral
efficiency of the wireless network and improvement
work performance, and thus lays a foundation for the
building of a wide-area sensor network.
However, these have not taken into consideration the
interconnection with other networks on how to ensure
real-time transmission,

Solution for HRTT

Distributed solution-- divides transmission tasks into
several levels according to the task requirement. Each
part of the network schedules different levels of tasks
according to the local network operating conditions, to
ensure a wide-area and real-time protection.
Centralized solution-- The centralized solution, from
the overall view, manages heterogeneous networks
composed of wide area networks in a unified way.

Semantic representation and

processing
WSN semantics refers to the meaning or sense of the
information perceived by sensor nodes, with which the
underlying data can be put into better use.
it aims at ensuring a better cooperation between
computers and people. medium of WSN is the sensor
node, whose information content is completely different
from that of the web, in order to accommodate the
semantic information of WSN nodes to the WSN
application, scientifi c research institutes and
standardization organizations have put forward
corresponding solutions in the field.

Security of WSN Qualitities of WSN

to consider
the security of WSNs are vulnerable to network attacks due to the broadcast
nature of the transmission medium and the limitation of computing resources
of sensor nodes, like smaller power and smaller bandwidth.
identity and trust management are more complicated and difficult due to the
deep integration of information space with the physical world and ubiquitous
access to information technology.
the dynamic, heterogeneous and mass characteristics of WSN perception and
computing model are also great challenges to the protection of effective
system integrity, data integrity, data confidentiality, user privacy, like identity,
behaviour, and environment.
since the WSN has a large number of terminals, various terminal types and
dynamic adaptive network structures, the size and complexity of
environmental data are major challenges for the existing security posture
monitoring system.

WSN in Smart Grid

There are many advantages for monitoring grids by
using WSN technology. Pg 43 and44.
Digital sub stations- monitoring and warning about
mishaps
Distribution monitoring
Smart consumption of electricity at the user building

WSN in intelligent water meter

Managing supply of clean water.
Monitor potential pollutants.

Intelligent Transportation
Cars, smartphones with people can be used as the
wireless sensor.
FCD (Floating car data)
XFCD Extended Floating car data
Use of WSN in logistics reduce impact of this on
environment

On-board WSNs
Big vehicles like trains and planes have these sensors.
Temperature monitors
Planes WSN reduces weight of cables

Traffic infrastructure
Interaction of the traffic infrastructure with vehicles
through wireless communication (e.g. granting priority
to busses or emergency vehicles at intersections) is
another promising application for wireless technology in
traffic infrastructure.

WSN in smart homes Energy

challenge
Monitor energy consumption and
HOMES project in France
Overall building efficiency can be improved.

Additional Applications
Improve energy efficiency
Contribute to environmental monitoring
Enhance social services -- Different elements in social
services to relate and connect with each other through
the internet.

Standards of WSNs

conclusions