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Vibrio cholerae
Classified in serotypes
based on the O
antigens
Distinguished from other
vibrios biochemically and
by the production of
choleragen, a potent
enterotoxin
Free living
Classification
Species
Oantigens
Serotypes
Biotypes
V . c h o le r a e
O 1
N on O 1
Ogawa Many
strains
Inaba
Hikijima 02 138
139 Bengal
El Tor
Classical
V. cholerae: Epidemiology
V. cholerae: Epidemiology
Transmission: drinking
or bathing in fecallycontaminated water,
eating contaminated
food.
Predisposing factors:
poor sanitation,
malnutrition,
overcrowding.
There have been
clearly 8 pandemics
recorded since 1817.
Motility
Enterotoxin
Choleragen
toxin production
Clinical Features
Severe dehydration
Cholera Cots
Severe Dehydration
Clinical/Histological features
V. cholerae: Diagnosis
Clinical/epidemiological
Stool culture on
selective agar
V. cholerae ferments
sucrose
Reportable disease in
USA
TCBS Agar
V. cholerae: Treatment
Replacement of
volume
Antibiotics not
necessary but
tetracycline can
reduce excretion of
vibrios
V. cholerae: Prevention
Vibrio parahemolyticus
Associated with
ingestion of
contaminated sushi
or shellfish
Halophilic vibrio
Worldwide
distribution, more
prevalent in Japan
It can resemble
cholera
V. parahemolyticus: Pathogenesis
V. parahemolyticus: Clinical
Aspects
Short incubation period
Diarrhea, vomiting, low-grade fever
and abdominal cramps
Diagnosis - culture
Treatment - not required since
disease is self-limiting
Prevention - proper cooking of fish
and seafood
V. vulnificus, V. damsela,
V. alginolyticus
Normal flora of marine
life
Bioluminescent
Potent cytolisins,
collagenases, proteases
Prevalent in Texas Gulf
Coast
Bioluminescent
marine bacteria
Pathogenesis
Life-threatening bacteremia
Clinical presentation
24 hr.
48 hr.
Tetracyclin
Surgical drainage
Campylobacter
Campylobacter jejuni
C. jejuni: Epidemiology
C. jejuni: Pathogenesis
C. jejuni: Complications
Culture on selective
media
Takes 2-4 days to
grow
Grows best at 42 C
Biochemically inactive
Microaerophilic
Gastric ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Learning Objectives
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori
Gram-negative spiral
bacterium
Motile with 4-6 flagella
Microaerophilic, grows
slowly
Oxidase, catalase,
urease positive
Similar to
Campylobacter but
doesnt grow at 42C
H. pylori : Epidemiology
Unknown
H. pylori : Transmission
H. pylori : Virulence
Urease
Motility
Adherence factors
Heat-labile cytotoxin
Gastric mucin protease
Hemolysin
Lipopolysaccaharide
H. pylori : Pathogenicity
Clinical Aspects
H. pylori : Treatment
Metronidazole
Ampicillin
Tetracycline
Some relapses
Gastrointestinal Bacterial
Infections Summary
Watery diarrhea
Toxigenic
Cholera
ETEC
Other mech.
EPEC
EAggEC
Bloody diarrhea
Invasive
Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia
EIEC
Cytotoxin
EHEC
Summary
Enterotoxins
ST toxin of ETEC
Invasive Pathogens
Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Yersinia enterocolitica (minor)
Vibrio parahemolyticus (minor)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
not invasive but causes bloody diarrhea
Microorganism
Drug of choice
ETEC
EPEC, EAggEC
None indicated
EIEC
EHEC
Supportive
Salmonella gastroenteritis
Salmonella endocarditis
Typhoid fever
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
self-limiting
Vibrio cholerae
oral or IV rehydration
Vibrio parahemolyticus
self-limiting
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori