Day 1 (Basics)

Networking Basics
2009, Velocis Systems
How a LAN Is Built
Local-Area NetworkLAN
What is a LAN?
A collection of computers, printers, and other
devices that can communicate with each other
in a small area (< ~ 3000 m)
What are the components?

Computers, operating system (OS),
network interface card (NIC), and hubs
How is a LAN controlled?

ProtocolsFormal descriptions of sets of
rules and conventions that govern how
devices on a network exchange information
Networking Fundamentals
1-3
Local-Area Networks
LANs are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area
Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media
Control the network privately under local
administration
Provide full-time connectivity to local services
Connect physically adjacent devices
1-4
Network Operating System (OS)
Software that allows

communicating and
sharing of data and
network resources
Examples:
Win 2000
NetWare
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
Win NT
1-5
Network Interface Card

Amplifies electronic signals
Packages data for
transmission
Physically connects
computer to
transmission
media (cable)
PC or Workstation
Loaded with NOS
Connector Port
Network Interface
Card (NIC)
1-6
1990sGlobal Internetworking
19921 major backbone, 3,000 networks, 200K computers

1995Multiple backbones, hundreds of regional nets, tens of thousands
of LANs, millions of hosts, tens of millions of users
Doubling every year!

1-7
The OSI Model

OSI Layer is meant for Networking
manufacturers and developers to
provide them a standard based on which
they can make their products.
All OSI Layers are independent from
each other, which makes introducing
changes easier as no other layers are
effected.
Ease of Troubleshooting.
1-8
The Layered Model
Why a Layered Network Model?

7
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Reduces complexity (one big

problem to seven smaller
ones)
Facilitates modular
engineering
Assures interoperable
technology
Accelerates evolution
Simplifies teaching and
learning
1-10
Devices Function at Layers
NIC Card
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Hub
1-11
Host Layers
7
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Host layers: Provide

accurate data delivery
between computers
1-12
Media Layers
7
Application
Presentation
Session
4
Transport
3
Network
Data Link
Physical
}
}
Host layers: Provide

accurate data delivery
between computers
Media layers: Control

physical delivery of messages
over the network
1-13
Layer Functions
7
Application
Provides network services to

application processes (such as
electronic mail, file transfer, and
terminal emulation)
1-14
Layer Functions
7
Application
Network services to applications
Presentation
Data representation
Ensures data is readable by
receiving system
Format of data
Data structures
1-15
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Inter-host communication
Establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between
applications
1-16
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
End-to-end connection reliability
Concerned with data transport
issues between hosts
Data transport reliability
Establishes, maintains, and
terminates virtual circuits
Fault detection and recovery
Information flow control
1-17
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
Network
Addresses and best path
Provides connectivity and path
selection between two end
systems
Domain of routing
1-18
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Access to media
Physical addressing, network

topology, error notification
1-19
Layer Functions
7
Application
Presentation
Data representation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Access to media
Physical
Binary transmission
Wires, connectors, voltages,
data rates
1-20
Peer-to-Peer Communications
Host A
Host B
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Segments
Transport
Network
Packets
Network
Data Link
Frames
Data Link
Physical
Bits
Physical
1-21
Application Layer
This is where users communicate to the
computer.
This is where communication between
two users are established.
This is a point where user or application
interfaces with the protocols to gain
access to the network.
Examples are WWW, Telnet, FTP, TFTP,
E-mail, DNS
1-22
Presentation Layer
Tasks like Translation, Encryption,

decryption, compression, decompression are
associated with this layer.
It is mainly responsible for how the data is to
be presented to the Application Layer.
Examples are JPEG, MIDI, MPEG etc.
1-23
Session Layer
Session Establishment
Establishes a session between two devices
before actual transmission of data.
Dialog Control
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
1-24
Session Layer
Simplex
Data travels only one way.
Radio transmission is the best example of this.
Half Duplex
Both way but one at a time. By default all LAN Cards
(NICs) work on Half Duplex.
Full Duplex
Both way at the same time.
1-25
Transport Layer
Segments upper-layer applications (Multiplexing)

Establishes an end-to-end connection
Sends segments from one end host to another
Optionally, ensures data reliability
1-26
Transport Layer
Transport Layer never actually transports the data
but only prepares for transporting.
Uses Socket to define the services running on a
particular node, the data is associated with.
Responsible for the following :
Segmentation
End-to-end Communication
Flow Control
Error Control
Multiplexing of Applications
TCP, UDP work at this layer
1-27
Socket
Socket is a software component and points to a particular service
running on a particular node.
Structure of a socket
IP Address + Port Address
Each service has a unique Port address
Max. Port Addresses can be 65,536
Port address 1-1023 is reserved for specific Services like
WWW
80
FTP
21
SMTP
25
Port Addresses are reserved for standardization purpose .

1-28
Port Numbers
Application
Layer
Transport
Layer
F
T
P
T
E
L
N
E
T
S
M
T
P
D
N
S
T
F
T
P
S
N
M
P
R
I
P
21
23
25
53
69
161
520
TCP
UDP
Port
Numbers
1-29
Segmentation
This is a mechanism wherein the data is divided into

multiple segments and sent over the network.
By doing this different segments can use different links
for travelling across the network.
If one segment is lost the only segment is required to be
re-sent and not the entire data.
Once all segments reach to the destination the received
segments have to be sequenced back, which is also
done at this layer.
1-30
Flow Control
Used while connection oriented communication
It helps to have a control on over flow of Buffer.
Advantages are:
The segments delivered are acknowledged if received
Any segment not acknowledged are retransmitted
segments are sequenced back upon their arrival
Congestion, Overloading and data loss are avoided
To achieve all this it uses the technique of Sliding
window or Windowing
1-31
End-to-End Communication
Connection Less Transmission

UDP is used
Not reliable
Faster
Connection Oriented Transmission

TCP is used
Reliable
Slower
1-32
Connection Oriented Protocol

These protocols relies on Acknowledgement.
Positive acknowledgement means data has
been received.
Negative acknowledgement means data is
lost no further data is sent till positive
acknowledgement is received.
It is slow but Reliable.
Eg. TCP and SPX
1-33
Transport Layer
Reliability with Windowing

Send 1
Sender
Window Size = 1
Receive 1
Ack 2
Receive 2
Ack 3
Send 2
Receiver
Window Size = 3
Sender
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Receive 1
Receive 2
Receive 3
Ack 4
Receiver
Send 4
1-34
Transport Layer
An Acknowledgement Technique
Sender
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Ack 4
Send 4
Send 5
Send 6
Ack 5
Send 5
Ack 7
1-35
Connection Less Protocol
They do not provide acknowledgement

neither sequence numbers.
It is faster but not reliable
Eg. UDP
1-36
Network Layer
It is responsible for communicating Networks

It recognizes Networks with the help of Network Addresses
Network Address is a logical address like IP Address
It is common for a group of computers
It works only with Network IDs and has got nothing to do with host
Ids.
Path determination or Routing is performed at this layer.
Router works at this layer.
1-37
Network Layer: Communicate Path
2
4
9
6
8
10
11
Addresses represent the path of media

connections
1-38
Network Layer: Path Determination
Which
Which Path?
Path?
Layer 3 functions to find the best

path through the internetwork
1-39
Routed Versus Routing Protocol

Routed protocol
used between
routers to direct
user traffic
Examples: IP, IPX,
AppleTalk
Routing protocol
used only between
routers to maintain
routing tables
Examples: RIP, IGRP, OSPF
1-40
Static Versus Dynamic Routes

Static Route
Uses a protocol route that a network
administrator enters into the router
Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a network protocol
adjusts automatically for topology or
traffic changes
1-41
Static Route Example
A
A
Point-to-point or
circuit-switched
connection
Only a single network

connection with no need
for routing updates
Fixed route to address reflects

administrators knowledge
B
B
Stub network
1-42
Adapting to Topology Change
A
A
B
B
D
D
C
C
Can an alternate route substitute

for a failed route?
1-43
A
A
B
B
X
D
D
C
C
1-44
A
A
B
B
X
D
D
C
C
Can an alternate route substitute

for a failed route?
YesWith
dynamic routing enabled
Yes
1-45
Data Link Layer

It uniquely identifies each device in the Network.
It translates data from Network Layer into bits for the
Physical layer to transmit.
It formats the messages into Data Frames
Adds a customized header containing Source and
Destination hardware address
This layer works with Frames
This layer is logically divided in two sub-layers:
LLC (Logical Link Control)
MAC (Media Access Control)
1-46
DATA LINK LAYER
FUNCTIONS OF ETHERNET
1)
Arbitration: CSMA/CD algorithm
2)
Addressing: 6 byte-long MAC address
3)
Error detection: FCS in Ethernet trailer
4)
Identify the type of packet inside the frame
1-47
Physical Layer
Electrical and Mechanical settings are provided at this

layer.
Transmits data in the form of bits.
This layer communicates directly with actual

communication media.
At this layer DCE & DTE are identified

DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment)
Located at Service Providers side
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
The attached device at customer Place
HUBs & REPEATERS are working at this layer.
Max. troubleshooting occurs at this layer.

1-48
DOD MODEL
The DoD
Model
The Process / Application Layer

The Host-to-Host Layer
The Internet Layer
The Network Access Layer
1-50
The DoD & OSI

DoD Model
OSI Model
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Host-to-Host
Internet
Transport
Network
Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
1-51
UPPER LAYER
PROTOCOLS
Internet Layer Overview
Application
Transport
Internet
Data-Link
Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
Physical
In the OSI reference model, the network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet
layer.
1-53
Internet Protocol
Provides connectionless, best effort delivery routing of datagrams.
IP is not concerned with the content
of the datagrams.
It looks for a way to move the
datagrams to their destination.
1-54
IP Datagram
Bit
1 0
Version
(4)
Bit 15 Bit 16
Header
Length (4)
Type
of Service (8)
Identification (16)
Time-to-Live (8)
Protocol (8)
Bit 31
Total Length (16)
Flags
(3)
Fragment Offset (13)

Header Checksum (16)
20
Bytes
Source IP Address (32)

Destination IP Address (32)
Options (0 or 32 if Any)
Data (Varies if Any)
1-55
IP Datagram
Version Currently used IP version
Header Length Datagram header length
TOS Level of importance assigned by a particular upper-layer protocol
Total Length- Length of packet in bytes including Data and Header
Identification Identifies current datagram (Sequence Number)
Flags Specifies whether the packet can be fragmented or not
Fragment Offset Used to piece together datagram fragments
TTL It maintains a counter that gradually decreases, in increments, to zero
Protocol It indicates which upper-layer protocol receives incoming packets
Header Checksum Calculated checksum of the header to check its integrity
Source IP Address Sending node IP Address
Destination IP Address Receiving node IP Address
Options It allows IP to support various options like security
1-56
Protocol Field
Transport
Layer
UDP
TCP
6
Internet
Layer
17
Protocol
Numbers
IP
Determines destination upper-layer protocol

1-57
Address Resolution Protocol

(ARP)
ARP works at Internet Layer of DoD Model
It is used to resolve MAC address with the
help of a known IP address.
All resolved MAC addresses are maintained
in ARP cache table, which is maintained.
To send a datagram this ARP cache table is
checked and if not found then a broadcast is
sent along with the IP address.
Machine with that IP address responds and
the MAC address is cached.
1-58

I need the
Ethernet address
of 176.16.3.2.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???
1-59

I need the
Ethernet address
of 176.16.3.2.
I heard that broadcast.

The message is for me.
Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???
1-60

I need the
Ethernet address
of 176.16.3.2.

Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
1-61

I need the
Ethernet address
of 176.16.3.2.

Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
Map IP
Ethernet
1-62
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
The DHCP server dynamically assigns IP address to hosts.
All types of Hardware can be used as a DHCP server, even a

Cisco Router.
Following information is provided by DHCP while host

registers for an IP address:
IP Address
Subnet mask
Domain name
Default gateway (router)
DNS
1-63
Internet Control Message

Protocol
ICMP messages are carried in IP datagrams and used to send
error and control messages.
Application
Transport
ICMP
Internet
Destination
Unreachable
Echo (Ping)
Other
Data-Link
Physical
1-64
ICMP Ping
1-65
Transport Layer Overview
Application
Transport
Internet
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
ConnectionOriented
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
Connectionless
Data-Link
Physical
1-66
TCP Segment Format

Bit 0
Bit 15 Bit 16
Source Port (16)
Bit 31
Destination Port (16)
Sequence Number (32)

Acknowledgment Number (32)
Header
Length (4)
Reserved (6) Code Bits (6)

Checksum (16)
20
Bytes
Window (16)
Urgent (16)
Options (0 or 32 if Any)
Data (Varies)
1-67
TCP Segment Format

Source port Number of the calling port
Destination Port Number of the called port
Sequence Number Number used to ensure correct sequencing of the arriving
data
Acknowledgement Number Next expected TCP octet
Header Length Length of the TCP header
Reserved Set to zero
Code Bits Control Functions (setup and termination of a session)
Window Number of octets that the sender is willing to accept
Checksum Calculated checksum of the header and data fields
Urgent Pointer Indication of the end of the urgent data
Options One option currently defined (maximum TCP segment size)
Data Upper layer protocol data
1-68
TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open

Connection
Host A
Send SYN
(seq = 100 ctl = SYN)
SYN Received
Established
(seq = 101 ack = 301
ctl = ack)
Host B
SYN Received
Send SYN, ACK 2
(seq = 300 ack = 101
ctl = syn,ack)
1-69
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

A connectionless and unacknowledged protocol.
UDP is also responsible for transmitting
messages.
But no checking for segment delivery is provided.
TCP and UDP uses Port no. to listen to a
particular services.
1-70
UDP Segment Format

Bit
1 0
Bit 15 Bit 16
Source Port (16)
Bit 31
Destination Port (16)
Length (16)
8
Bytes
Checksum (16)
Data (if Any)
No sequence or acknowledgment
fields
1-71
UDP Segment Format

Source port Number of the calling port
Destination Port Number of the called port
Length Number of bytes, including header and data
Checksum Calculated checksum of the header and data
fields
Data Upper layer protocol data
1-72
Ethernet
1-73
Introduction
Ethernet is a methodology for accessing a media
It allows all hosts on a network to share the same
bandwidth of a link.
It is popular because :
It is easy to implement & Troubleshoot
It is easy to add new technologies like Fast Ethernet
and Gigabit Ethernet to existing infrastructure.
Ethernet uses Data Link Layer and Physical Layer
Specification
It uses something called
CSMA/CD
1-74
Ethernet Operation
A
1-75
Ethernet Operation
A
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
1-76
Ethernet Operation
A
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
B and C
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
1-77
Ethernet LANs:
How do they work?
Multiple workstations
are connected to a
segment
Each station has to take
turns sending traffic
All stations listen to all
traffic on their segment
Stations can only send
data (Ethernet Frames)
when no one else is
sending
1-78
Ethernet LANs:
MAC Addresses
0000.0c12.3456
0000.1018.321a
0000.0c12.1111
Every workstation has

a Network Interface
Card (NIC)
Every NIC has a unique
MAC address
Stations use MAC
addresses to send
Ethernet Frames to a
specific station
1-79
Ethernet LANs:
Unicast Frames
0000.0c12.3456
Frame
To: 0000.0c12.3456
0000.1018.321a
0000.0c12.1111
Ethernet frames contain

the MAC address of the
station that the frame
was sent to
These are called
unicast frames
All stations receive the
Ethernet frame, but
ignore the frames that
are not addressed to
their MAC address
1-80
Ethernet LANs:
Broadcast Frames
0000.0c12.3456
Frame
To: FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
0000.1018.321a
Some Ethernet frames

are sent to all stations
These are called
broadcast frames
All stations process
this frame
0000.0c12.1111
1-81
Ethernet LANs:
Broadcast Frames
0000.0c12.3456
Frame
To: FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
0000.1018.321a
Some Ethernet frames

are sent to all stations
These are called
broadcast frames
All stations process
this frame
0000.0c12.1111
1-82
Ethernet Collisions
Collision!
Packe
Frame Packe
Frame t
t
Frame
Packet
Frame
Packet
Sometimes stations
transmit
simultaneously
Two frames on the
same segment collide
Collisions require
each station to wait
and resend
1-83
Ethernet Reliability
A
Figure 1
Figure 2
Collision
1-84
A
Collision
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
1-85
A
Collision
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
JAM
Carrier sense multiple access with

collision detection (CSMA/CD)
1-86
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access /
Collision Detect.
It is used by all NICs in Ethernet Networking
In this method all NICs first sense whether the cable
is free or not.
If it is free the request is sent otherwise it waits.
1-87
Half Duplex Ethernet
It is defined in 802.3 Ethernet specifications

It uses only one wire pair for signals running in
both direction.
CSMA/CD is used to prevent collision.
Half Duplex typically 10base T is 50-60 % efficient.
(In CISCO views)
In a large 10 base T network you only get 3 to 4
MBPS at most.
1-88
Full Duplex
Full Duplex Ethernet uses two pairs
of wires.
There is no collision in Full Duplex
Full Duplex is suppose to offer
100% efficiency in both direction
Means you can get 20 MBPS in 10
MBPS or 200 MBPS in Fast Ethernet
running Full Duplex.
1-89
Ethernet Addressing
Ethernet Addressing uses MAC Address
MAC addresses are burned on every NIC
It is a 48-bit address
It is written in the same format even if different
LAN Technologies are used.
24 bits
24 bits
Organizationally
Unique Identifier (OUI)
(Assigned by IEEE)
Vender Assigned
Ethernet Addressing using MAC Addresses

1-90
LAN FUNDAMENTALS
Ethernet
It is a LAN protocol. Given by Xerox in early 1970s. Three
companies modified it as E (II)
DEC, Intel & Xerox (DIX). IEEE made it standard as 802.3
Header of Ethernet
8bytes 6byts 6byts 2 byts variable 4byts
Flag
DA
SA
TYPE
DATA
FCS
1-91
MAC SUB-LAYER
MAC Layer - 802.3
# Bytes
Preamble Dest add Source add
0000.0C
IEEE assigned
xx.xxxx
Vendor
assigned
2
Length
Variable
Data
4
FCS
Ethernet II
uses Type
here and
does not use
802.2.
MAC Address
1-92
Preamble
The Peamble is used to indicate to
the receiving station that the data
portion of the message will follow.
1-93
Destination Address (DA)
DA is used by receiving stations to

determine if an incoming packet is
addressed to a particular node.
1-94
Source Address (SA)
SA is a 48 bit MAC Address supplied

by the transmitting device.
Broadcast and Multicast address
formats are illegal within the SA
fields.
1-95
Length or Type Field
802.3 uses length field where as Ethernet

frame uses type field to identify the
network layer protocol.
802.2 can identify upper-layer protocol and
must be used with 802.3 frame.
1-96
Data
This is the packet sent down to the

Data Link Layer from the Network
layer.
The size can vary from 46-1500 bytes.
1-97
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
FCS is a field at the end of the frame

that is used to store the cyclic
redundancy check.
1-98
ETHERNET
CABLING
1-99
Network Cabling
Media connecting network
components
NIC cards take turns transmitting on the
cable
Three primary types of cabling

Twisted-pair (or copper)
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
1-100
Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)

STP only:
Shielded Insulation
to Reduce EMI
Twisted-Pair
Outer Jacket
Speed and throughput:
10/100 Mbps
Relative cost:
Least costly
Color-Coded
Plastic Insulation
RJ-45
Connector
Media and connector size: Small

Maximum cable length:
100 m
1-101
Coaxial Cable
OuterJacket
Braided Copper Shielding

Plastic Insulation
Copper Conductor
BNC Connector
Speed and throughput:
10/100 Mbps
Relative cost:
More than UTP, but still low
Media and connector size:
Medium
Maximum cable length:
200/500 m
1-102
WAN Basics
WAN Overview
Service
Provider
WANs connect sites

Connection requirements vary depending on
user requirements and cost
1-104
What is a WAN?
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic

area and often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as
telephone companies.
1-105
Serial Implementation of
DTE versus DCE
Data Terminal Equipment
Data Communications Equipment
End of the users device

on the WAN link.
End of the WAN providers.

side of the communication facility.
DCE is responsible for clocking.
DCE
DTE
S
DTE
DCE
Modem
CSU/DSU
S
S
S
S
DCE
DTE
1-106
WAN Terminating Equipment

Physical Cable Types
Router
To Corporate
Network
WAN Provider
(Carrier) Network
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
X.21
HSSI
Modem
Usually on the
Customers
Premises
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment

The Customers
Equipment
DCE
Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

The Service Providers
Equipment
1-107
Serial Transmission
WAN Serial connectors use serial
transmission
Serial transmission uses one bit at time
over a single channel.
Cisco Routers use a proprietary 60 pin
serial connector.
Connector at the other end of the cable
will depend on your service provider or
end device requirements.
1-108
LAN/WAN Devices
1999,
Cisco
Systems,
Inc.
2009,
Velocis
Systems
LAN/WAN Devices
Hubs
Bridges
Switches
Routers
1-110
Hub
Device that serves as the center of a

star topology network, sometimes
referred to as a multiport repeater, no
forwarding intelligence
1-111
Hubs
123
126
124
127
Hub
125
Data
Data
128
Amplifies signals
Propagates signals through the network
Does not filter data packets based on destination
No path determination or switching
Used as network concentration point
1-112
Hubs Operate at Physical layer
Physical
All devices in the same collision domain

All devices in the same broadcast domain
Devices share the same bandwidth
1-113
Hubs: One Collision Domain

More end stations means
more collisions
CSMA/CD is used
1-114
Bridge
Device that connects and passes packets
between two network segments.
More intelligent than hubanalyzes
incoming packets and forwards (or filters)
them based on addressing information.
1-115
Bridge Example
123
126
Bridge
124
127
Hub
Hub
125
Segment 1
128
Corporate Intranet
Segment 2
More intelligent than a hubcan analyze incoming packets

and forward (or filter) them based on addressing information
Collects and passes packets between two network segments
Maintains address tables
1-116
Switches
Use bridging technology to
forward traffic between ports.
Provide full dedicated data transmission
rate between two stations that are
directly connected to the switch ports.
Build and maintain address
tables called content-addressable
memory (CAM).
1-117
SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation
10-Mbps
UTP Cable
Dedicated
31
Switch
32
35
100 Mbps
33
34
100 Mbps
36
Corporate Intranet
Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e.

maintains address tables, and can filter)
Provides full dedicated transmission rate between
stations that are connected to switch ports
Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking
1-118
Switches and Bridges Operate at

Data Link Layer
Data Link
OR
Each segment has its own collision domain

All segments are in the same broadcast domain
1-119
Switches
Switch
Memory
Each segment has its own

collision domain
Broadcasts are forwarded
to all segments
1-120
Routers
Interconnect
Interconnect LANs
LANs and
and WANs
WANs
Provide
Provide path
path determination
determination
using
using metrics
metrics
Forward
Forward packets
packets from
from one
one
network
network to
to another
another
Control
Control broadcasts
broadcasts to
to the
the
network
network
1-121
Network Layer Functions (cont.)

1.1
1.2
1.0
4.0
1.3
E0
2.1
2.2
S0
S0
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
1
E0
0
2
S0
0
4
S0
1
4.3
E0
4.1
4.2
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
1
S0
1
2
S0
0
4
E0
0
Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network

Configuration required
Uses configured information to identify paths to networks
1-122
Routers: Operate at the

Network Layer
Broadcast control
Optimal path
determination
Traffic management
Logical addressing
Connects to WAN
services
1-123
Network Device Domains

Hub
Bridge
Switch
Router
Collision Domains:
1
4
Broadcast Domains:
1
4
1-124

Day 1 (Basics)

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Day 1 (Basics)

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Networking Basics

2009, Velocis Systems

How a LAN Is Built

2009, Velocis Systems

What are the components?

How is a LAN controlled?

2009, Velocis Systems

2009, Velocis Systems

Network Operating System (OS)

Software that allows

2009, Velocis Systems

Network Interface Card

2009, Velocis Systems

19921 major backbone, 3,000 networks, 200K computers

Doubling every year!

2009, Velocis Systems

The OSI Model

2009, Velocis Systems

The Layered Model

2009, Velocis Systems

Why a Layered Network Model?

Reduces complexity (one big

2009, Velocis Systems

Devices Function at Layers

2009, Velocis Systems

Host layers: Provide

2009, Velocis Systems

Host layers: Provide

Media layers: Control

2009, Velocis Systems

Provides network services to

2009, Velocis Systems

Network services to applications

2009, Velocis Systems

Network services to applications

2009, Velocis Systems

Network services to applications

2009, Velocis Systems

Network services to applications

2009, Velocis Systems

Network services to applications

Addresses and best path

Physical addressing, network

2009, Velocis Systems

Network services to applications

Addresses and best path

2009, Velocis Systems

2009, Velocis Systems

2009, Velocis Systems

Tasks like Translation, Encryption,

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2009, Velocis Systems

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Segments upper-layer applications (Multiplexing)

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Port Addresses are reserved for standardization purpose .

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This is a mechanism wherein the data is divided into

2009, Velocis Systems

2009, Velocis Systems

Connection Less Transmission