Introduction to Agile and

Scrum

What is Agile?

Agile is a time boxed, iterative approach to software delivery that builds

software incrementally from the start of the project, instead of trying to deliver it
all at once near the end.

How Agile Works?

Agile works by breaking projects down into little bits of user
functionality called user stories, prioritizing them, and then
continuously delivering them in short two week cycles called
iterations.

How Agile Works? - You make a list

Sitting down with your customer you make a

list of features they would like to see in their
software. We call these things user stories
and they become the To Do list for your
project.

User Stories
Because life's too short to write everything down
User stories are features our customers might one day like to
see in their software.

How Agile Works? - You size things up

Then, using Agile estimation techniques, you

size your stories relatively to each other,
coming up with a guess as to how long you
think each user story will take.

Estimation - Absolute
The fine art of expectation guessing

Estimation

we arent very good at estimating things absolutely

Estimation - Relative
It turns out, we are pretty
good at estimating things
relatively
Sizing our stories

Estimation

How Agile Works? - You set some priorities

Like most lists, there always seems to be

more to do than time allows. So you ask your
customer to prioritize their list so you get the
most important stuff done first, and save the
least important for last.

Planning - The fine art of expectation

setting
In its simplest form, agile

planning is nothing more than

measuring the speed a team can
turn user stories into working,
production-ready software and
then using that to figure out
when theyll be done.

# iterations = total effort / estimated team velocit

# iterations = 100 pts / 10 pts per iteration = 10 itera

How Agile Works? - You start executing

Then you start delivering some value. You

start at the top. Work your way to the bottom.
Building, iterating, and getting feedback from
your customer as you go.

Iterations
An Agile iteration is a short one to two week period where a
team takes a couple of their customers most important user
stories and builds them completely as running-testedsoftware.
Estimation

Planning Changing Gears

Now, as we start delivering, one of two things is going to
happen. We are going to discover that
a)we are going faster than expected or
b)we are going slower than we originally thought.
Faster than expected means you and your team are
ahead of schedule. Slower than expected (more the
norm) means you have too much to do and not enough
time.
When faced with too much to do, agile teams will do less
They will keep the most important stories,
and drop the least important.
This is calledadaptive planningand its how Agile teams
work within their budgets and keep their projects real

Agile - Summary

Request Response in PHP

Installation & Configurations

Download from http://www.wampserver.com/en/

WAMP server automatically installs whatever you need to run PHP

application

In case you need to change default configuration use following

files : php.ini ( For PHP related configurations )
my.ini ( For MySQL related configurations )
httpd.conf ( For Apache server related configurations )

 PHP.ini is very useful and it is a configuration file that is used to

customize behaviour of PHP at runtime.
The configuration file (php.ini) is read when PHP starts up.

We can modify settings like upload directory, register global

variables, display errors, log errors, max uploading size, maximum
time to execute a script and other configurations using this file.

Basic Syntax

PHP scripts starts with <?php and ends with ?>

Server where shorten tags are enabled, scripts can be starts with
<? and ends with ?>
Kindly refer example below : <?php echo Hello PHP ?>
<? echo Hello PHP with short tag ?>

Commenting

PHP single line & multi line comments

Single line comments can be done by //

Multiline comments starts with /* and ends with */

<?php
// This is single line comment
/*
echo This is multiline comment;
*/
?>

Type of Errors

Notices : These are non-critical errors which PHP encounters while

running a script.
e.g. A variable accessibility before it is declared.

Warnings : The are more serious errors.

e.g. using include()without the existence of the file.

Fatal Errors : These errors are critical errors. It results termination of script
execution

PHP Variables
Declaration of PHP variable starts with $ symbol.
e.g. $variable_name = value;
Variable Naming Rules : A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (a-Z, 0-9, and _ )
A variable name should not contain spaces.
Variables are case-sensitive
If a variable name is more than one word, it should be separated
with underscore

PHP Arrays
Numeric Array : Arrays with a numeric index
$vehicleArray = array(car, bus);
Associative Array : Arrays with named keys
$ages = array("Jon"=>26, "Arya"=>20, "Sansa"=>24);
Multidimensional Array : Arrays containing one or more arrays
$familyArray = array(Eddard=>array(Rob, Jon, Arya),
Lannister=>array(Jammie, Tyrion, Cersei));

PHP Strings
String variables are used for values that contains character strings.
e.g.
$string = Hello World;
For merging strings concatenation operator(.) is used
e.g.
$string1 = Hello;
$string2 = World;
echo $string1. .$string2 // Output Hello World

PHP Constants
Constant can be defined using define.
Constant's value can not be altered.
e.g.
define(CONSTANT, 'php');
echo CONSTANT;

//prints php

Operator Types
PHP language supports following type of operators.
Arithmetic Operators (+,-,*,%)
Comparison Operators (==, ===, !=, !==, <, > <=, >=)
Logical (or Relational) Operators (and, or, &&, ||, !)
Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
Conditional (or ternary) Operators ( ? : )

Type of Loops
PHP supports following four loop types
for :- loops through a block of code a specified number of times.
while :- loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified
condition is true.
do...while :- loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as a special condition is true.
foreach :- loops through a block of code for each element in an array.
continue and break keywords can be used to control loop execution.

IfElse if Else Statement

if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else if(condition1)
code to be executed if condition1 is true;
else
code to be executed if both conditions false;

While & Do While

<?php
$a=0;
while($a<10) {
print $a; $a++;
}

?>

$i = 0;
do {
print $i;
} while ($i > 0);

For Loop / Foreach Loop

For Loop
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {

print $i;
}

Foreach Loop
$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4);
foreach ($arr as $value) {

echo $value;
}

Switch Statement
switch (n)
{
case label1:

code to be executed if n=label1;

break;
case label2:

code to be executed if n=label2;

break;
default:

code to be executed if n is different from both label;

}

Functions

A functions is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly

in a program
A function will not execute immediately when a page loads
A function will be executed by a call to the function
PHP has many built-in functions which will be very useful
We can also create user defined functions
Syntax :function functionName(){
Code to be executed
}

Superglobals
PHP superglobal variables are : $GLOBALS
$_SERVER
$_REQUEST
$_POST
$_GET
$_FILES
$_ENV
$_COOKIE
$_SESSION

Reference Links

http://www.php.net/manual
http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/

Thank You