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PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION CPE 314N
CONNECTIVITY IN ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT
Electronic equipment is a
combination of electrical and
electronic components
connected to produce a certain
designed function. In the era of
vacuum tubes and even later,
electronic equipment was
constructed by hand wiring and
by point-to-point soldering.
CONNECTIVITY IN ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT
A natural evolution took place in several
areas. Smaller components were
developed and modular design became
popular, basically intended to decrease
the time between unit failure and repair
due to easy replaceability. The use of
miniaturization and sub-miniaturization in
electronic equipment design gave birth to
a new technique in inter-component
wiring and assembly that is popularly
known as the printed circuit board.
Double-sided board
with plated throughhole connection (PTH);
Double-sided board
without plated
through-hole
connection (non-PTH).
Multi-layer Boards
The multi-layer board makes use of more than two printed circuit boards with a thin
layer of what is known as prepreg material placed between each layer, thus making a
sandwich assembly. The printed circuit on the top board is similar to a conventional
printed circuit board assembly except that the components are placed much closer to
avoid having many terminals, which necessitates the use of additional board layers for
the required interconnections.
Multi-layer Boards
Printed circuit boards can also be classified on the basis of the type of
insulating material used, i.e. rigid or flexible. While rigid boards are made of a
variety of materials, flexible boards use flexible substrate material like
polyester or polyamide. The base material, which is usually very thin, is in the
range of 0.1 mm thickness. Laminates used in flexible boards are available with
copper on one or both sides in rolls. Rigid-flex boards, which constitute a
combination of rigid and flexible boards usually bonded together, are threedimensional structures that have flexible parts connecting the rigid boards,
which usually support components. This arrangement gives volumetrically
efficient packaging and is therefore gaining widespread use in electronic
equipment. Flexible PCBs may be single-sided, double-sided (PTH or non-PTH)
or multi-layer.
SINGLE-SIDED BOARDS
(DESIGN AND
FABRICATION PROCESS)
Schematic Diagram
Artwork Generation
Panel Preparation
Image Transfer
Etching
Board Drilling
Coatings
Testing
Artwork Generation - The PCB layout defines the final physical form of
the circuit and labelling details are finalized as the layout is
completed.
silver or tin
Organic Surface Protectant Coating nitrogen-bearing compound
Conformal Coatings acrylics, polyeurathanes, epoxies, silicones
Testing
Bare board test checks for shorts, opens and net list connectivity
Loaded board test - analysis of manufacturing defects and in-circuit,
functional and combinational tests
DOUBLE-SIDED PLATED
THROUGH HOLES
(DESIGN AND
FABRICATION
PROCESS)
Panel Preparation
Hole Drilling
Electroless Copper Plating
Image transfer
(Photolithography)
Tin-Lead Plating
Etching
Hot-air leveling
Solder masking
Organic Surface Protectant
MARKET DRIVERS
Major market drivers for PCBs
indicate that
complexity/performance are
increasing while size/form
factor are falling. Similarly,
there is a demand for higher
reliability/quality while cost
and time to market are
expected to decrease
STANDARD ON PCB
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
IPC (Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic
Circuits)
ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
ACTIVE VS PASSIVE
COMPONENT LEADS
Method attachment
a. through-hole component
b. surface mount
Lead configuration
(discrete)
c. axial leads
d. radial leads
IC (Single in-line package
and dual in-line package; e
& f)
Pin-grid arrays (g)
Leadless components (h)
COMPONENT SYMBOLS
Component-Identification, IPC-DRM-18F
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION CPE 314N
RESISTORS
a passive component which
exhibits a controlled value of
resistance across its two leads.
Carbon
Metal
Wire-wound
Thick film
VARIABLE RESISTORS OR
POTENTIOMETERS
consist of a track of some type of
resistance material with which a
movable wiper makes contact
Carbon
Cermet
Wire-wound
LIGHT-DEPENDENT RESISTORS
Light-dependent Resistors are made of cadmium sulphide.
They contain very few free electrons when kept in complete
darkness and therefore, exhibit very high resistance. When
subjected to light, the electrons are liberated and the
material becomes more conducting.
THERMISTORS
Thermistors are resistors with a
high temperature co-efficient of
resistance. Thermistors with
negative temperature co-efficient
(fall in resistance value with an
increase in temperature) are the
most popular.
CAPACITORS
A capacitor, like a resistor,
is also a passive
component, which can be
used to store electrical
charge.
Paper
Mica
Ceramic
Plastic
Electrolytic
INDUCTOR
Inductance is the characteristic
of a device which resists change
in the current through the
device. Inductors work on the
principle that when a current
flows in a coil of wire, a
magnetic field is produced,
which collapses when the
current is stopped.
DIODE
A diode is an active component through which the current
flows more easily in one direction than in the other. As the
name implies, diode means a two-electrode device: one
electrode is made of n-semiconductor material while the other
is p-type.
DIODE
Serves as:
Switch
Rectifier
Detector
Special Diodes
Zener
Varactor
Varistor
LED (Light Emitting Diodes)
Photodiode
Tunnel
LABORATORY EXERCISE #2