Switched

Capacitor Filter
Vivek A K
VLSI & ES
Roll no. 24

Higher order Filters

Two approaches for higher order filter design
Cascade and ladder
Start with normalized low pass filter of pass band 1 rad/s and

impedance 1

Cascade approach
Root locations identified and then transformed to root of

unnormalized low pass

Low pass filter , then roots are grouped to second order

functions
odd- one first order product term required
If filter is high pass, band pass or band stop, then transform the

low pass roots. Again first or second order products identified

and realised

 The general procedure can be summarized as

1.

From TPB, TSB and n determine the required order of the filter

2.

Find normalized poles of approximation

3.

Group complex conjugate poles to second order fn , one first order

term for even function

4.

Realize the second order terms using first and second order blocks.

5.

Cascade the stages in order of input to output of lowest Q stage fist

Ladder Approach

Less sensitive to capacitive approach than cascade

Disadvantage
More complex
Applicable to filters that can

Starts with normalized low pass RLC prototype filter structure

Write state equations
Synthesized using switched capacitor circuits

Realization start with a resistor of 1 and move towards input

of the filter.

Similar to single terminated except for a series

source resistance.

 The general procedure can be summarized as

1.

From TPB, TSB and n determine the required order of the filter

2.

Find the RLC prototype filter approximation from tables

3.

Write state equations and rearrange so each state variable equal to the
integrator of various inputs

4.

Realize the rearranged state equation by switched capacitor integrator.

Anti aliasing Filter

Discreet time filters use clock
Signal pass bands occur at each harmonics of the clock

frequency
For a low pass filter sampled at fc the spectrum is shown

Frequency 0 to wpb is called baseband

In each pass band harmonics signal and noise will be

passed
Aliasing occur when a desired or undesired (noise) signal

is within+-wpb of wc or any of its harmonics

Results in unwanted signals in baseband

Anti aliasing filter used to eliminate aliasing of signals

from pass band to baseband

Attenuate pass band centered at wc and its harmonics so

that they do not appear in base band

Avoid attenuating base band and everything above

baseband as much as possible

Sallen key filter

Second order filter uses positive feedback to

achieve conjugate poles

Advantages
Reduction of power consumption
High integration density
Less area
High dynamic range