Lessons Learned From Past Notable Disasters Mexico: Part 3B: Earthquake Vulnerability of Buildings

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST
NOTABLE DISASTERS
MEXICO
PART 3B: EARTHQUAKE
VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for

Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
MEXICO
MEXICO IS ON THE PACIFIC RIM WHERE A LARGE

FRACTION OF THE GLOBAL SEISMICITY OCCURS
NATURAL
NATURAL HAZARDS
HAZARDS THAT
THAT HAVE
HAVE
CAUSED
CAUSED DISASTERS
DISASTERS IN
IN MEXICO
MEXICO
FLOODS
GOAL:
GOAL:PROTECT
PROTECT PEOPLE
PEOPLE
AND
ANDCOMMUNITIES
COMMUNITIES
HIGH
HIGHBENEFIT/COST
BENEFIT/COSTFROM
FROM
BECOMING
BECOMINGDISASTER
DISASTER
RESILIENT
RESILIENT
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
MEXICO EXPERIENCED A M8.1

SUBDUCTION ZONE QUAKE IN 1985
BUILDING VULNERABILITY
WAS (AND STILL IS) A
MAJOR FACTOR IN
MEXICOS LOSSES IN 1985
Mexicos building stock, like the

building stock of all countries,
has vulnerabilities
as a result of
irregularities in elevation and
plan, construction materials,
and the underlying soil
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE
RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
SEISMICITY
SEISMICITY
TECTONIC
TECTONIC
SETTING
SETTING&&
FAULTS
FAULTS
EARTHQUAKE
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD
HAZARDMODEL
MODEL
FAULT RUPTURE
DAMAGE/LOSS
EARTHQUAKE
GROUND
SHAKING
DAMAGE/LOSS
TSUNAMI
DAMAGE/ LOSS
TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
FOUNDATION
FAILURE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SITE
AMPLIFICATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LIQUEFACTION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LANDSLIDES
DAMAGE/ LOSS
AFTERSHOCKS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LOCATION
LOCATIONOF
OF
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE
IMPORTANCE AND
AND
VALUE
VALUEOF
OF
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE AND
AND
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
MODEL
MODEL
QUALITY
QUALITYOF
OF
DESIGN
DESIGNAND
AND
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY
ADEQUACYOF
OF
LATERAL-FORCE
LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING
RESISTINGSYSTEM
SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY
VULNERABILITY
MODEL
MODEL
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
MATERIALS HAVE
HAVE
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES
VULNERABILITIES TO
TO
GROUND
GROUND SHAKING
SHAKING
ST
O
NE
NR
Y,
BR
IC
K
OR
30
AS
O
25
20
UN
RE
IN
FO
RC
E
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO,

% OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
35
15
10
O
NF
I
RE
ED
RC
O
F
IN
RE
5
0
ED
RC
CO
VI
E
ET
R
NC
IT
W
F
IN
E
R
UN
D
CE
R
O
IN
RE
R
FO
TH
WI
E
E
T
AM
E
R
F
R
L
NC
EE
ST
CO
VII
INTENSITY
M
ALL
L&
ETA
VIII
LS
AL
W
S
LL
A
DW
CE
D
W OO
ME
FRA
IX
CAUSES
CAUSES
OF
OF
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
DISASTER
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
LABORATORIES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
MEXICO CITY HAS SOFT SOILS

THAT AMPLIFY GROUND SHAKING
MEXICO CITY HAS VULNERABLE

SHORT BUILDINGS
MEXICO CITY HAS VULNERABLE

TALL BUILDINGS
REDUCING BUILDING VULNERABILITY

REDUCES THE COMMUNITYS RISK
RISK ASSESSMENT
VULNERABILITY
AN
ANEARTHEARTHQUAKE
QUAKE
COST
EXPOSURE
EVENT
EXPECTED
EXPECTED
LOSS
LOSS
BENEFIT
CONSEQUENCES
CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
POLICY
POLICY
ADOPTION
ADOPTION
VULNERABILITY REDUCTION
IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The
vulnerability analyses that follow
are based on global experience
of a major reinsurance company
that was shared for the benefit of
all countries having buildings at
risk in future earthquakes.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
DUE TO IRREGULARITIES IN
BUILDING ELEVATIONS
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
1-2
Box
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation
and structure.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
1
Pyramid
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
2-3
Multiple Setbacks
Vertical transition in
mass, stiffness, and
damping may cause
failure at foundation
and transition points
at each floor.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
4-6
Inverted Pyramid
Top heavy,
asymmetrical structure
may fail at foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
5-6
L- Shaped
Building
Asymmetry and
horizontal transition in
mass, stiffness and
damping may cause
failure where lower
and upper structures
join.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
3-5
Inverted T
Vertical transition and

asymmetry may cause
failure where lower
part is attached to
tower.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
4-5
Overhang
Top heavy
asymmetrical structure
may fail at transition
point and foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
SOFT-STOREY BUILDINGS
ARE THE MOST
VULNERABLE
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
6-7
Partial Soft Story
Horizontal and vertical

transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure on soft
side of first floor;
rocking and
overturning.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
8 - 10
Soft First Floor
Vertical transitions in
mass and stiffness
may cause failure on
transition points
between first and
second floors.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
9 - 10
Combination of
Soft Story and
Overhang

transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure at
transition points and
possible overturning.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
9 - 10
Sports Stadiums

transition in mass and
stiffness may cause
failure columns.
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
10
Building on
Sloping Ground
Horizontal transition in
stiffness of soft story
columns may cause
failure of columns at
foundation and/or
contact points with
structure.
ANALYSIS OF
VULNERABILITY DUE TO
IRREGULARITIES IN
PLAN
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
Box
None, if symmetrical
layout maintained.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
2-4
Rectangle
Differences in length
and width will cause
differences in
strength, differential
movement, and
possible overturning.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
2-4
Street Corner
Asymmetry will cause

torsion and enhance
damage at corners.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
Courtyard in Corner
Open space in center

reduces resistance
and enhance damage
at corner regions.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
4-5
Theaters

torsion and enhance
damage along curved
boundary.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
5 - 10
U - Shape
Asymmetry will
enhance damage at
corner regions.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
5-7
H - Shape
Directional variation in
stiffness will enhance
damage at intersecting
corner.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
L - Shape

torsion and enhance
damage at intersection
and corners.
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
8 - 10
Complex Floor Plan
Asymmetry and
directional variation in
stiffness will enhance
torsion and damage at
intersecting.
ANALYSIS OF
VULNERABILITY DUE TO
IRREGULARITIES IN
INTERNAL PROPERTIES
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and
discontinuities in strength will
cause torsion and
concentrate stress around
the opening.
Opening in
Shear Wall
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and variable

stiffness will cause torsion
and cracking/failure at
staircase and elevator well.
Opening in
Shear Wall
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Variable stiffness will

enhance cracking and
failure on weaker side of
structure.
Shear Wall or Retaining

Wall on only one side
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and irregularities

will cause torsion and
enhance failure at all points
of irregularity.
Different or Irregular
Spans; short columns
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Vertical transitions in seismic

resistance will enhance
failure at the short columns.
Window Bands Interrupting InFill Walls
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Vertical transitions in
stiffness will enhance failure
at the transition points.
Three Story Frame
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Vertical transitions in mass

will enhance cantilever
action, overturning moment,
and failure at transition
points.
Offset Columns
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Horizontal transition in depth

of foundation will cause
rocking and failure at edges.
Irregular Foundation
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Discontinuities in mass,
stiffness, and damping
will be enhanced at all
transition points.
Industrial or Commercial Facility
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
DUPONT
Water Tower
Top-heavy structures
are vulnerable to
distant earthquakes
and resonance of thick
soft soils because of
vertical transition in
mass.. Rocking,
overturning, and
foundation failure are
enhanced.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
FOR REDUCING
VULNERABILITIES IN PLAN
AND ELEVATION
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
AUTOMATED
CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMEMT
PREFABRICATION AND
MODULARIZATION
ADVANCED
MATERIALS (E.G.,
COMPOSITES)
COMPUTER AIDED
DESIGN
PERFORMANCE BASED
CODES AND STANDARDS
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ENERGY DISSIPATION
DEVICES (E.G., BASE
ISOLATION)
REAL-TIME MONITORING
AND WARNING SYSTEMS

Lessons Learned From Past Notable Disasters Mexico: Part 3B: Earthquake Vulnerability of Buildings

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Lessons Learned From Past Notable Disasters Mexico: Part 3B: Earthquake Vulnerability of Buildings

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for

MEXICO IS ON THE PACIFIC RIM WHERE A LARGE

MEXICO EXPERIENCED A M8.1

Mexicos building stock, like the

MEAN DAMAGE RATIO,

MEXICO CITY HAS SOFT SOILS

MEXICO CITY HAS VULNERABLE

MEXICO CITY HAS VULNERABLE

REDUCING BUILDING VULNERABILITY

Vertical transition and

Horizontal and vertical

Horizontal and vertical

Horizontal and vertical

Asymmetry will cause

Open space in center

Asymmetry will cause

Asymmetry will cause

Complex Floor Plan

Asymmetry and variable

Variable stiffness will

Shear Wall or Retaining

Asymmetry and irregularities

Vertical transitions in seismic

Window Bands Interrupting InFill Walls

Three Story Frame

Vertical transitions in mass

Horizontal transition in depth

Industrial or Commercial Facility

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