Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
12
Acids and Bases:
The Arrhenius View
Definitions
Arrhenius
An acid ionizes in water to give protons. A
base ionizes in water to give hydroxide ions.
Brnsted-Lowry
An acid is a proton donor. A base is a proton
acceptor.
Lewis
An acid is an electron pair acceptor. A base
is an electron pair donor.
H + + .. A
.
OH
.
.
M+ + .. OH
.
.
H + + .. A
.
OH
.
.
M+ + .. OH
.
.
H + + .. A
Ka =
[H+][A]
[HA]
pKa = log10Ka
1.13
Acids and Bases:
The Brnsted-Lowry View
Brnsted-Lowry definition
an acid is a proton donor
a base is a proton acceptor
B .. + H A
base
acid
+
B
H + .. A
B .. + H A
base
acid
+
B
H + .. A
conjugate conjugate
acid
base
H
..
.. O .. + H Br ..
.
.
H
base
acid
H
+
..
.. O H + .. Br ..
.
.
H
conjugate conjugate
acid
base
H
..
.. O .. + H Br ..
.
.
H
Ka =
[H3O+][Br]
[HBr]
H
..
.. O .. + H Br ..
.
.
H
Ka =
[H3O+][Br]
[HBr]
pKa = log10 Ka
H
..
.. N .. + H OH
.
.
H
base
acid
H
.. N
H
..
H + .. OH
.
.
conjugate conjugate
acid
base
stronger
acid
-10.4
Conj. Base
-5.8
Br
H2SO4
-4.8
HSO4
HCl
+
H3O
-3.9
Cl
-1.7
H2O
HBr
weaker
acid
pKa
stronger
acid
Important Generalization!
Acid
HI
-10.4
Conj. Base
-5.8
Br
H2SO4
-4.8
HSO4
HCl
+
H3O
-3.9
Cl
-1.7
H2O
HBr
weaker
acid
pKa
H3O
HF
pKa
Conj. Base
1.7
H2O
3.5
CH3CO2H
4.6
CH3CO2
+
NH4
9.2
NH3
H2O
15.7
HO
pKa
Conj. Base
CH3OH
15.2
CH3O
H2O
15.7
HO
CH3CH2OH
(CH3)2CHOH
(CH3)3COH
~16
CH3CH2O
~17
(CH3)2CHO
~18
(CH3)3CO
Acid
NH3
(CH3)2NH
pKa
Conj. Base
~36
NH2
~36
(CH3)2N
pKa
26
CH
H
H2C
43
H
CH2
CH3CH3
HC
H
H
Conj. Base
H
45
62
CH
H2C
CH3CH2
1.14
What Happened to pKb?
H
Example
N
H
Example
H
H
+
N
pKa = 9.3
weaker acid
pKa = 5.2
stronger acid
+
N
H
Therefore, ammonia is a
stronger base than pyridine