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BAB 2:

IKATAN DAN SIFAT-SIFATNYA

Apa yang mendorong terbentuknya ikatan?


Type ikatan apa saja yang ada?
Sifat apa yang muncul akibat ikatan?

Chapter 2-1

STRUKTUR ATOM BOHR


orbital electrons:
n = principal
quantum number
1
2
n=3

Adapted from Fig. 2.1,


Callister 6e.

Inti atom: Z = # proton


= 1 utk hidrogen , 94 utk plutonium
N = # neutron
massa atom A Z + N
Chapter 2-2

TINGKAT ENERGI ELEKTRON


Electrons...

In c re a s in g e n e rg y

mempunyai tingkat energi


cenderung untuk mengambil tingkat energi terendah yan

4p

n=4

4s

n=3
n=2
n=1

3s
2s
1s

3d

3p
2p
Adapted from Fig. 2.5,
Callister 6e.

Chapter 2-3

KONFIGURASI ELEKTRON STABIL


Konfiguration elektron stabil...
mempunyai sub kulit atom s and p yang lengkap
cenderung tidak reaktif.
Z Element Configuration
2
He
1s2
Adapted from Table 2.2,
Callister 6e.
10
Ne
1s22s 22p6
18
Ar
1s22s22p63s23p6
36
Kr
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6

Chapter 2-4

SURVEI UNSUR

Sebagian besar Unsur : Mempunyai konsfigurasi elect


tidak stabil.
Element
Atomic #
Hydrogen
1
Helium
2
Lithium
3
Beryllium
4
Boron
5
Carbon
6
...
Neon
10
Sodium
11
Magnesium
12
Aluminum
13
...
Argon
18
...
...
Krypton
36

Electron configuration
1s1
1s2
(stable)
1s22s1
Adapted from Table 2.2,
1s22s2
Callister 6e.
1s22s22p1
1s22s22p2
...
1s22s22p6
(stable)
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p1
...
1s22s22p63s23p6
(stable)
...
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s246 (stable)

Mengapa? Kulit atom Valensi (yang terluar) bias


tidak teris
Chapter 2-5
lengkap.

g iv e u p 1 e
g iv e u p 2 e
g iv e u p 3 e

Columns: Similar Valence Structure

Li Be

Metal
Nonmetal
Intermediate

accept 2e
accept 1e
in e rt g a s e s

TABEL BERKALA UNSUR

He

Ne

Na Mg

Cl Ar

K Ca Sc

Se Br Kr

Rb Sr

Te

Cs Ba

Adapted
from Fig.
2.6, Callister
6e.

Xe

Po At Rn

Fr Ra

Unsur Electropositive :
Siap memberikan electron
untuk menjadi ion positif (+).

Unsur Electronegative :
Siap mengambil electron
untuk menjadi ion negatif (-) .
Chapter 2-6

ELEKTRONEGATIVITAS

Berkisar dari 0.7 s.d 4.0,


Nilai yang tinggi: cenderung untuk menangkap ele
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Na
0.9

Be
1.5
Mg
1.2

K
0.8
Rb
0.8

Ca
1.0

Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7

Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9

Cl
3.0
Br
2.8

He
Ne
Ar
Kr
-

I
2.5
At
2.2

Xe
Rn
-

F
4.0

Ti
1.5

Cr
1.6

Fe
1.8

Ni
1.8

Sr
1.0

Electronegativitas mengecil

Zn
1.8

As
2.0

Electronegativitas membesar

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
Chapter 2-7

IKATAN ION

Terjadi antar ion (+) dan (-).


Memerlukan transfer electron.
Mempunyai perbedaan electronegativitas yang bes
Contoh: NaCl
Na (metal)
unstable

Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron

Na (cation)
stable

Coulombic
Attraction

Cl (anion)
stable

Chapter 2-8

contohS: IONIC BONDING


Predominant bonding in Ceramics

H
2.1
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7

NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl

Be
1.5

O
F
3.5 4.0
Cl
3.0

Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Sr
1.0

Ti
1.5

Cr
1.6

Ba
0.9

Fe
1.8

Ni
1.8

Zn
1.8

As
2.0

Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2

He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
-

Ra
0.9

Give up electrons

Acquire electrons

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
Chapter 2-9

IKATAN KOVALEN
Memerlukan elektron yg dipakai bersama
Contoh: CH4
shared electrons
C: punya valensi 4 , perlu
CH 4
4 lagi
H: punya valensi 1,
perlu 1 lagi

Electronegativitas hampir sama. H

from carbon atom

H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms

Adapted from Fig. 2.10, Callister 6e.

Chapter 2-10

contoh: IKATAN KOVALEN


H2
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8

Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0

Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7

Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9

Fr
0.7

Ra
0.9

c o lu m n IV A

H2O

C(diamond)
SiC
Ti
1.5

Cr
1.6

Fe
1.8

Ni
1.8

Zn
1.8

Ga
1.6

C
2.5
Si
1.8
Ge As
1.8 2.0

F2
He
O
2.0

Sn
1.8
Pb
1.8

F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2

Ne
-

Cl2

Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
-

GaAs

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is


adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition,
Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

Molekul dengannonlogam
Molekul dengan logam and nonlogam
Elemental solids (RHS of Periodic Table)
Padatan Senyawa (sekitar kolom IVA)

Chapter 2-11

IKATAN LOGAM
Muncul dari lautan elektron valensi yang didonorkan
(1, 2, atau 3 dari tiap atom).

Adapted from Fig. 2.11, Callister 6e.

Ikatan logam menjadi ikatan utama untuk metal dan a


(paduan logam)
Chapter 2-12

IKATAN SEKUNDER
Muncul dari interaksi antar dipol
Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron
clouds

- secondary +
bonding

ex: liquid H2
H2
H2
H H

H H

secondary
Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e. bonding

dipol permanen diinduksi oleh molekul


-general case:

+ -

secondary
bonding

-ex: liquid HCl

H Cl

secondary
bonding

+ H Cl

Adapted from Fig. 2.14,


Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 2.14,


Callister 6e.

-ex: polymer
Chapter 2-13

RANGKUMAN: IKATAN
TIpe

Energi Ikatan

keterangan

Ion

Besar!

Nondirectional (ceramics)

Kovalen

Bervariasi
besar-berlian
kecil-Bismuth

Directional
semiconductors, ceramics
polymer chains)

Logam

Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury

Nondirectional (metals)

Sekunder

Paling kecil

Directional
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2-14

SIFAT AKIBAT IKATAN: TM


Panjang ikatan, r
F

Titik leleh, Tm
Energy (r)

r
ro

Energi ikatan, Eo

Energy (r)
unstretched length
ro

smaller Tm
r

E o=
bond energy

larger T m
Tm is larger if Eo is larger.

Chapter 2-15

SIFAT AKIBAT IKATAN: E

Modulus elastisitas,
E
cross

sectional
area A o

length, L o

undeformed

deformed

Elastic modulus
F
L
=E
Ao
Lo

E ~ curvature at ro
Energy
unstretched length
ro

E is larger if Eo is larger.

smaller Elastic Modulus


larger Elastic Modulus

Chapter 2-16

SIFAT AKIBAT IKATAN :

koefisien ekspansi termal ekspansi,

coeff. thermal expansion

length, L o

unheated, T1

L
=(T2-T1)
Lo

heated, T2

~ symmetry at ro
Energy
ro

is larger if Eo is smaller.

larger
smaller
Chapter 2-17

SUMMARY: IKATAN PRIMER


Keramik
(Ion & kovalen):

Logam
(ikatan logam):

Polymer
(Kovalen & Sekunder):

Large bond energy


large Tm
large E
small

Variable bond energy


moderate Tm
moderate E
moderate

Directional Properties
Secondary bonding dominates
small T
small E
large

Chapter 2-18

ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:

Chapter 2-0

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