Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 2-1
In c re a s in g e n e rg y
4p
n=4
4s
n=3
n=2
n=1
3s
2s
1s
3d
3p
2p
Adapted from Fig. 2.5,
Callister 6e.
Chapter 2-3
Chapter 2-4
SURVEI UNSUR
Electron configuration
1s1
1s2
(stable)
1s22s1
Adapted from Table 2.2,
1s22s2
Callister 6e.
1s22s22p1
1s22s22p2
...
1s22s22p6
(stable)
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p1
...
1s22s22p63s23p6
(stable)
...
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s246 (stable)
g iv e u p 1 e
g iv e u p 2 e
g iv e u p 3 e
Li Be
Metal
Nonmetal
Intermediate
accept 2e
accept 1e
in e rt g a s e s
He
Ne
Na Mg
Cl Ar
K Ca Sc
Se Br Kr
Rb Sr
Te
Cs Ba
Adapted
from Fig.
2.6, Callister
6e.
Xe
Po At Rn
Fr Ra
Unsur Electropositive :
Siap memberikan electron
untuk menjadi ion positif (+).
Unsur Electronegative :
Siap mengambil electron
untuk menjadi ion negatif (-) .
Chapter 2-6
ELEKTRONEGATIVITAS
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Ca
1.0
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
Ba
0.9
Ra
0.9
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
-
I
2.5
At
2.2
Xe
Rn
-
F
4.0
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Sr
1.0
Electronegativitas mengecil
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
Electronegativitas membesar
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
Chapter 2-7
IKATAN ION
Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
Na (cation)
stable
Coulombic
Attraction
Cl (anion)
stable
Chapter 2-8
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl
Be
1.5
O
F
3.5 4.0
Cl
3.0
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Sr
1.0
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Ba
0.9
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
As
2.0
Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
-
Ra
0.9
Give up electrons
Acquire electrons
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
Chapter 2-9
IKATAN KOVALEN
Memerlukan elektron yg dipakai bersama
Contoh: CH4
shared electrons
C: punya valensi 4 , perlu
CH 4
4 lagi
H: punya valensi 1,
perlu 1 lagi
H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms
Chapter 2-10
Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9
Fr
0.7
Ra
0.9
c o lu m n IV A
H2O
C(diamond)
SiC
Ti
1.5
Cr
1.6
Fe
1.8
Ni
1.8
Zn
1.8
Ga
1.6
C
2.5
Si
1.8
Ge As
1.8 2.0
F2
He
O
2.0
Sn
1.8
Pb
1.8
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2
Ne
-
Cl2
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
-
GaAs
Molekul dengannonlogam
Molekul dengan logam and nonlogam
Elemental solids (RHS of Periodic Table)
Padatan Senyawa (sekitar kolom IVA)
Chapter 2-11
IKATAN LOGAM
Muncul dari lautan elektron valensi yang didonorkan
(1, 2, atau 3 dari tiap atom).
IKATAN SEKUNDER
Muncul dari interaksi antar dipol
Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron
clouds
- secondary +
bonding
ex: liquid H2
H2
H2
H H
H H
secondary
Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e. bonding
+ -
secondary
bonding
H Cl
secondary
bonding
+ H Cl
-ex: polymer
Chapter 2-13
RANGKUMAN: IKATAN
TIpe
Energi Ikatan
keterangan
Ion
Besar!
Nondirectional (ceramics)
Kovalen
Bervariasi
besar-berlian
kecil-Bismuth
Directional
semiconductors, ceramics
polymer chains)
Logam
Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury
Nondirectional (metals)
Sekunder
Paling kecil
Directional
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2-14
Titik leleh, Tm
Energy (r)
r
ro
Energi ikatan, Eo
Energy (r)
unstretched length
ro
smaller Tm
r
E o=
bond energy
larger T m
Tm is larger if Eo is larger.
Chapter 2-15
Modulus elastisitas,
E
cross
sectional
area A o
length, L o
undeformed
deformed
Elastic modulus
F
L
=E
Ao
Lo
E ~ curvature at ro
Energy
unstretched length
ro
E is larger if Eo is larger.
Chapter 2-16
length, L o
unheated, T1
L
=(T2-T1)
Lo
heated, T2
~ symmetry at ro
Energy
ro
is larger if Eo is smaller.
larger
smaller
Chapter 2-17
Logam
(ikatan logam):
Polymer
(Kovalen & Sekunder):
Directional Properties
Secondary bonding dominates
small T
small E
large
Chapter 2-18
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:
Chapter 2-0