10. 12.

2006

Fiziopatologia
termoreglarii
Hipotermia
Hipertermia
Reacia febril

How the Animal Body

Regulates Core Temperature

1. Vasodilation - increases surface blood flow, increases heat loss

(when ambient temperature is less that body temperature). Maximal
vasodilation can increase cutaneous blood flow to 3000 ml/minute
(average flow is 300-500 ml/minute).

2. Vasoconstriction - decreases blood flow to periphery and heat loss.

Maximal vc. can decrease cutaneous blood flow to 30 ml/minute.

3. Sweating - cools body through evaporative cooling.

4. Shivering - generates heat through increase in chemical reactions

required for muscle activity. Visible shivering can maximally increase
surface heat production by 500%. However, this is limited to a few
hours because of depletion of muscle glucose and the onset of fatigue.

5. Increasing/Decreasing Activity - will cause corresponding

increases in heat production and decreases in heat production.

6. Behavioral Responses - putting on or taking off layers of clothing.

Tulburrile balanei
termice

Produse prin aciunea unor factori predominant

externi care depesc prin intensitate i durat
posibilitile de adaptare ale organismului:

Scderea temperaturii corporale Hipotermia.

Creterea temperaturii corporale Hipertemia.

Restructurarea funcional tranzitorie a

mecanismelor centrale de termoreglare, cu
reglarea temperaturii corporale la un nivel
superior, instalndu-se un echilibru ntre
termogenez i termoliz Reacia febril.

Homeothermia
Hypothermia

Heat Loss
Evaporative
-cutaneous
-respiratory

Nonevaporative
- radiation
- convection
- conduction

Influenced by:
-body surface area
-tissue insulation
-hair coat/air interface
-behavior modification
-environmental factors

Hyperthermia

Heat Gain
Heat sources:
-basal metabolism
-shivering thermogenesis
-nonshivering thermogenesis
-physical activity

Influenced by:
-body reserves
-colostrum intake
-breed/genetics
-dystocia
-environmental factors

1.Hipotermi
a

Reprezint o tulburare a
termoreglrii caracterizat
printr-un dezechilibru ntre
procesele termogenetice i
cele termolitice, prin care
se ajunge la un bilan
caloric negativ, cu
diminuarea temp. corpului.

Dup modul de instalare, hipotermiile sunt:

fiziologice (hibernarea natural),

patologice (n stri morbide)
artificiale (chirurgie cardiovasculara)

Factori de risc la
animale

La purcei de exemplu, n prima jumtate de or dup

ftare, temperatura corporal scade cu 2-3C, revenirea
la normal n decurs de 24 ore n condiii de confort termic.

Dac temperatura adpostului este sczut (+3C)

hipotermia este mai accentuat, uneori nici nu mai are loc
revenirea la temperatura normal, purceii murind n 2-3
zile.

La iepurele nou-nscut, s-a constatat n mod

experimental c temperatura corporal scade la 34C n
10 minute i la 28C n timp de o or, dac este
meninut ntr-un mediu cu o temperatur de +14C.

Investigatii
de
laborator

Severe accidental
hypothermia (body
temperature below
30C) is associated
with marked
depression of cerebral
blood flow and oxygen
requirement, reduced
cardiac output, and
decreased arterial
pressure.

There are four stages

of cold water
immersion

Stage 1: Initial cold shock occurs in

the first 3-5 minutes of immersion.

Stage 2: Short-term swim failure

occurs 3-30 minutes following
immersion

Stage 3: Long-term immersion

hypothermia sets in after 30 minutes,
at a rate depending on water
temperature, clothing, body type, and
your behavior.

Stage 4: Post-immersion collapse

occurs during or after rescue.
If you have been immersed in cold
water you are still in danger from
collapse of arterial blood pressure
leading to cardiac arrest.

Evoluia
hipotermiei
Learn to recognize
the symptoms of
hypothermia

Shivering slurred speech.

Blurred vision.
Bluish lips and fingernails.
Loss of feeling in
extremities.
Cold, bluish skin.
Confusion.
Dizziness.
Rigidity in extremities.
Unconsciousness.
Coma.
Death.

2. Hipertermia
Se caracterizeaz printr-un dezechilibru ntre intensitatea
proceselor termogenetice i termolitice, rezultnd un
bilan caloric pozitiv i creterea temperaturii corpului.
Hyperthermia, also known as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an
acute condition resulting from the body producing or
absorbing more heat than it can dissipate, usually due to
excessive exposure to heat.
The homeothermal regulatory mechanisms eventually
become overwhelmed and unable to effectively deal with
the heat, and body temperature climbs uncontrollably.
Printre factorii favorizani ai diminurii termolizei se numr
umiditatea crescut a atmosferei, reducerea sau lipsa
curenilor de aer, activitatea muscular, esutul adipos
dezvoltat excesiv.

The extent of the

rise in body
temperature is
directly related
to the morbidity
or mortality of
the captured
animal.
The hyperthermia of capture is thought to be caused by
metabolic heat generated by muscle activity when the animal is in flight
(to escape danger).

Although muscle generated heat plays a role in the overall

heat gained, it is not the major contributor to the total
hyperthermic state.
A psychological stress response to capture, increases core
body temperatures to a greater extent than does the flight

Simptome care anunta instalarea

hipertermiei

Skin feels hot and dry and appears flushed.

Feeling of weakness
Dizziness
Visual disturbances
Headache
Nausea
Elevated temperature
Pulse is generally rapid and may be irregular-weak.

Core
temperatur
e as a
function of
air
temperatur
e.
A rise in core
temperature
of 1.5C can
kill most
embryos

Etapele evolutive ale

hipertermiei

Etapa I - vasodilataie tegumentar i pulmonar, transpiraie profuz,

accelerarea micrilor respiratorii i a btilor cardiace.

Etapa II - nelinite, tahicardie, tahipnee, transpiraie excesiv cu

fenomene secundare produse de deshidratare i demineralizare.
Etapa III - de inhibiie, se reduce tonusul vascular, tensiunea arterial
i activitatea cardio-respiratoare - instituirea stazei sanguine periferice
i a hemoconcentraiei - insuficien cardiac progresiv.

Colapsul (lat: collapsus = prbuire) vascular periferic reduce aportul

de oxigen la nivelul esuturilor -acumularea unor substane cu caracter
acid care epuizeaz treptat rezerva alcalin i n final apare acidoza

ocul termic - peste 43C la mamifere i 46C la psri.

Insolaia - este o form a ocului termic expunere la

Aplicaii clinice ale

hipertermiei

3. Reacia febril
(febra)
Any substance that causes
fever is called a pyrogen.
Exogenous pyrogens come from outside the body
and include microbes,
viruses and toxins.
Endogenous pyrogens induced within the body in
response to exogenous
pyrogens.

Three key pathophysiological mechanisms related to fever

(developed from Browne et al. 2001)

Fever can result when:

1 The thermoregulatory set-point is elevated
. above the normal set-point.
This most commonly occurs as a result of bacterial
and viral infection which induces the action of
cytokines (endogenous pyrogens); which
through the action of prostaglandins turns up
the thermostat.
The body responds to this by producing
physiological changes (including metabolic,
endocrine, behavioural and autonomic processes)
aimed at elevating body temperature.
This produces the signs and symptoms associated
with fever.

For a fever resulting from an

elevated set-point the use of
antipyretics and other
controlled measures such as
cooling may be appropriate

2 Heat production exceeds heat loss.

This can occur in salicylate overdose, malignant
hyperthermia, hyperthyroidism and excessive
environmental temperatures.

For fever resulting from either

excessive heat production or
defective heat loss,
antipyretics are not effective.

3 Heat loss mechanisms are defective

This can occur in heat stroke, anticholinergic drug
toxicity and ectodermal dysplasia.

For fever resulting from either

excessive heat production or

Fuentes y tipos de pirgenos exgenos

Stadiile reaciei
febrile
(adapted from Port 1994; Casey
2000)

I. Creterea
temperaturii
corporale
(stadium incrementi)
in crysis/in lysis

II. Perioada de stare

(stadium fastigii)

III. Revenirea la
normal a
temperaturii

Clasificarea reaciilor febrile

Dup durata evolutiv i intensitate

febra efemer - 1-2 zile ntlnit n stri alergice, stri de stres

(transport, ftare) sau n faza de resorbie a unor exsudate;
febra acut - durata medie de 10 zile, caracteristic formelor acute ale
unor boli infecioase;
febra subacut - ntre 10-30 zile, se ntlnete n jigodie, etc;
febra cronic - nsoete puseele de acutizare a unor boli cronice.

Dup gradul de cretere a temperaturii n perioada de stare

febr uoar (subfebrilitate), cnd temperatura corpului crete fa

de limita superioar speciei cu cel mult 1C;
febra mijlocie, dac temperatura crete cu 1-2C - boli cu evoluie
cronic, n inflamaii localizate, intervenii chirurgicale etc;
febra mare - crete temperatura corporal cu 2-3C;
febr foarte mare (hiperpirexie) - sunt depite aceste limite (3C),
situaie ntlnit n antrax, coriza gangrenoas, rujet etc.

Dupa aspectul curbei termice

n perioada de stare a febrei

Febra continu sau n platou febr ridicat de lung durat, cu oscilaii

diurne de amplitudine asemntoare celor normale (pn la 1C) pneumonii.

Febra remitent - sau febra n dini de fierstru, cu oscilaii diurne ale

temperaturii corporale de peste 1C - bronhopneumonii, procese supurative etc.

Febra intermitent - se caracterizeaz prin revenirea temperaturii la valorile

normale cel puin cteva ore n decurs de 24 ore;
Variant - febra intermitent periodic - febr de durat scurt (cteva
ore) la intervale regulate de o zi sau mai multe zile.

Febra recurent sau ondulant - caracterizat prin febra de tip continuu care
alterneaz cu zile n care temperatura se menine n limite normale, acest tip se
nregistreaz n boli infecioase cronice ca morva, tbc, anemia infecioas etc.

Febra neregulat sau atipic, prin aspectul curbei termice nu se ncadreaz

n nici una din formele menionate anterior.

Curba termic n febra continu

Zile
T0

41,00
40,50
40,00
39,50
39,00
38,50
38,00

10
D

11
S

12
S

13
S

14
S

15
S

16
S

17
S

18
S

19
S

Curba termic n febra remitent

Zile
T0

41,00
40,50
40,00
39,50
39,00
38,50
38,00

10
D

11
S

12
S

13
S

14
S

15
S

16
S

17
S

18
S

19
S

Curba termic n febra intermitent

Zile
T0

41,00
40,50
40,00
39,00
38,00
37,00
36,50

10
D

11
S

12
S

13
S

14
S

15
S

16
S

17
D

18
S

19
S

Curba termic n febra recurent

Zile
T0

41,00
40,50
40,00
39,00
38,00
37,00
36,50

10
D

11
S

12
S

13
S

14
S

15
S

16
S

17
S

18
S

19
S

Antipirticos no esteroides
de uso frecuente en caninos y felinos

Arguments for and against treating fever

Arguments
for treating fever include:
1.

Decreasing discomfort
associated with fever often
assists with settling an
apprehensive home environment.

2. Preventing extreme temperature

elevations from causing
permanent damage to the CNS.
3. Decreasing, in theory, the
likelihood of fever-related
seizures in those who have a
history of seizures. No study has
actually demonstrated that
treatment of fever decreases the
incidence of febrile seizures.

Arguments
against treating fever include:
1.

The generally recognized view

that most fever is short lasting
and benign.

2. Situations where adverse drug

side effects associated with the
use of antipyretics outweigh the
benefits of fever reduction.
3. Situations where reducing fever
may obscure diagnostic or
prognostic signs, as in
neutropenic children who have
recently received chemotherapy.
4. Recent information suggests that
fever may protect the host.