BOOK REPORT IN

SOCIOLOGY, CULTURE
AND FAMILY PLANNING
By: Apple Joy E. Navarez

CHAPTER 1
SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE
This chapter is all about the definition and nature of
sociology, it's essential characteristics, importance and it's
areas. It also tackles the pioneers of Sociology and the careers
in this field. Moreover, it explains it's relationship to other
sciences.
Sociology is the science that deals with the study of human
societies and of human behavior in social settings. Sociology is
neutral and is concerned with the study of human social life. It
is categorized into 7 areas which are social organizations, social
psychology, social change, human ecology, population studies,
sociological theory and research and applied sociology.
The pioneers of Sociology are Henri-Saint Simon who said
that law of human behavior could be determined in the same
manner that the law of nature had been arrived at by natural
scientist; Auguste Comte who advocated the idea of positivism

process; Karl Marx who believed that the misery of the lower
class was caused by capitalism; Emile Durkeim who have a
classic study of suicide; and Maw Weber who developed major
theories on stratification and bureaucracy. There are other
classical writers and early theorists of Sociology.
Since Sociology is a broad topic that's why it is related to
other social sciences like economics, political science,
anthropology, history and psychology. It is important to study
Sociology because 1) it enables us to better understand our
society and other societies, 2) it enables us to learn the
application of scientific methods and techniques to our daily life
problems, 3) it enables us to see the connection between our
own personal experiences and tge social force in the bigger
world, 4) it broadens our experience as we learn to discard our
prejudices and biases, etc.
Like any other scientific disciplines, there are a number of
possible careers in Sociology like community organizers,
researchers, community outreach social workers, teachers in
social sciences, consulatant in community development projects,
and others.

CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL PARADIGMS ON SOCIETY
AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
This chapter talks about the four general theoretical paradigms
and their proponents, the comparison between these paradigms and
the major contemporary approaches to sociological theory.
The evolutionary theory is one of the theoretical perspectives and
it proposes that societies undergo different stages of development
and growth. The structural-functional paradigm envisions society as a
complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and
stability. The social conflict theory envisions society as an arena of
inequality and the symbolic interaction paradigm envisions society as
the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
Both the structural and social conflict theory are macro-level
orientations while the symbolic interaction paradigm is microlevel
orientation. That's why sociologists use eclectic approach. Major
contemporary approaches to sociological theory are Neo-postivism,
Human Ecology, Sociometry and

Microsociology, Symbolic Interaction, Functional Approach,

Dialectical Sociology, Phenomenology Sociology, Ethno
methodology, Sociology of Knowledge, Exchange theory,
Developmental Theories, Sociobiology, Postmodernism and
Contemporary Feminist Theory.

CHAPTER 3
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AND
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
This chapter deals with the difference between sociological
imagination and sociological perspective, characteristics of
sociological perspective, definition of sociological inquiry,
fundamental procedures in sociological inquiry, methods,
techniques and tools used and traits and behavioral
characteristics required for sociology inquiry.
Sociological imagination is the quality of mind essential to
grasp the interplay of men and society, of biography and history
and of self and the world while lsociological perspective is a
distinctive point of view that the social world guides our actions.
The characteristics of sociological perspective are seeing the
general in the particular, seeing the strange in the familiar,
human behavior is not individualistic and it has a global
perspective.

Sociological inquiry is the scientific investigation on

a particular issue. It's basic goal is to obtain a better
understanding of the society and the social processes
taking place in it. Since it is a science it has a
procedure to be followed. Experiments, survey, case
study, field observation, interviewing and historical
approach are some of the methods, techniques and
tools in sociological inquiry.
Because sociological inquiry is a demanding
intellectual pursuit, the sociologists should have ethical
neutrality, verstehen, skeptical receptivity, critical mind
and commitment.

CHAPTER 4
CULTURE
This chapter is all about the definition of culture,
characteristics of culture, components of culture, different
perspectives/viewpoints on culture, categories of culture in
Philippine society, symbolic uses of culture and the causes of
cultural change.
Culture is the complex whole which is consists of
knowledge, beliefs, ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, values, and
other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned, and
socially transmitted by man from one generation to another. It
is a social product, a source of gratification, adaptive, and is
stable yet dynamic.
Norms, ideas, beliefs, values, material culture and symbols
are the elements of culture. There are different viewpoints on
culture namely: cultural relativism, culture shock,
ethnocentrism, xenocentrism, noble savage mentality,
subculture, counterculture and culture lag.

economic means, geographical location, religion, technology,

age, economic status and response to colonialism. Discovery,
invention, diffusion, colonisation and rebellion and
tevolutionary movements are the causes of cultural change.

CHAPTER 5
SIMILARITIES AND DIVERSITIES IN CULTURE
This chapter discusses the definition of universal patterns of culture,
common elements and basic schemes for comparative studies of culture.
The factors that account for the development of culture and the factors
that account for diversities of culture are also included.
Universal patterns of culture refer to the broad areas of social living
found in all societies like language, material traits, arts, scientific
knowledge, family, social systems, religious practice and government.
Durkheim initiated three basic schemes namely comparative technique,
study of specific differences in the society, and the approach in specific
similarities among societies. Human biological needs, psychological
processes, man's highly developed nervous system and vocal apparatus,
man's upright posture and physical and social environment are the
factors that affects the development of culture. Moreover, cultural
variability, cultural relativity, environmental differences and human
ingenuity and ability to absorb and expand new culture are the factors
that account for the differences in culture.

CHAPTER 6
PHILIPPINES VALUES
This chapter is all about the definition and nature of values, value
clarification processes, importance of values and theories on its origin. The
classification and categories of values are included too. The Filipino oriental
and occidental orientations of values and their general values are highlighted
also.
Values are those standards by which a group of society judges the
desirability and importance of persons, ideas, actions, or objects. In order to
know if a certain object has values for us, we have the value clarification
process which is compose of choosing, prizing and acting on it.
The four general theories on the origin of values are the inner man or the
mentalist theory of values by William James, the outer man or behavioral
theory of values by B.F. Skinner, the I'd, ego, and superego theory of values
and preferences by Sigmund Freud, and the labeling theory.

Values are classified into economic, behavioral, social, non-social

and moral or spiritual values. There are also 8 categories of values
and these are affection, respect, skills, enlightenment, influence,
wealth, well-being and responsibility.
The Filipinos are a mixture of different races such as the primitive
or indigenous people, eastern and western blood. That's why
Filipinos are said to have two value orientations. From the Oriental
we got the values of non-rationalism, personalism, particularism
and nationalism while we also have occidental value orientations
such as rationalism, impersonalism, universalism and
internationalism. Some of the values wa have is bahala na, utang
na loob, amor propio, fatalism, use of euphemisms and pakikisama.
Values are important because it provides framework within which
judgments are made, it gives purpose to our lives, it provide gaps
between knowledge and actions and it defines what are important
to people, what are worth living and dying for.

CHAPTER 7
SOCIALIZATION AND PERSONALITY
This chapter is about the nature and definition of
socialization and personality, factors that influence
personality development, theories of personality
development, agents of socialization and socialization for sex
roles.
Socialization refers to the lifelong process of learning and
relearning and the process by which we acquire modes of
thinking, feeling and acting that are necessary to participate
effectively in a larger society. While personality is the
organizational of the biological, psychological, social, cultural
and moral factors which underlie a person's behavior.

The factors that influence personality development are

biological inheritance and the geographic, cultural and
social environment of an individual. Freud's theory of
socialization, cultural dwterminism theory, symbolic
interactionism theory, biological determinism theory and
labeling theory are the theories that attempt to explain the
development of personality of a person.
Any person or institution that shapes a person's behavior
are called agent of socialization and they are composed of
the family, peer groups, media, school and the workplace.
Most of us thought that sex and gender is a similar word
but sex refers to the general classification of human beings
as male and female based on the differences of their
primarily sex organs while gender connotes the physical,
social, and cultural differences between males and females.

CHAPTER 8
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
This is all about the nature and meaning of deviant
behavior, theories of deviant behavior, positive functions
of social deviations, types of deviant behaviors, specific
kind of deviant behavior and social control of deviant
behaviors.
Deviance is any behavior that the members of the society
define as violating the established social norms. The
social pathology, biological theory, psychological theory,
social disorganization theory, labeling theory, anomie
theory, value conflict theory and cultural transmissions
theory are the theories about deviant behavior.

The types of deviant behavior are innovators,

ritualists, retreatist and rebels. While a conformist
accept both culturally approved goals and means,
deviant rejects either these goals or the means of
achieving them or both.
The specific kinds of deviant behavior are
categorized according to the infractions of the sex
codes and laws, infractions on life, liberty, property
and against the State and infractions against self.
One of the positive functions of social deviation is
that it may serve as a warning device for some
imperfections or faults in the society.

CHAPTER 9
SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL
ORGANIZATIONS
This chapter tackles the concepts of social groups and
social organization, types of social group, factors or
forces affecting group dynamics, qualities of a leader
and the styles of leadership.
A social group is a unit of interacting personalities with
interdependence of roles as statuses existing between
and among themselves. On the other hand, social
organization refers to a type of collectivity established
for a pursuit of specific aims or goals, characterization
by formal structure of rules, authority relations, a
division of labor and limited membership or admission.

Social groups are classified according to social ties

(primary and secondary groups), self-identification ( ingroup, out-group and reference group), purpose (special
interest, task and influence or pressure groups),
geographical location ( gemeinschaft and gesselschaft)
and form or organization (formal and informal groups).
The type of group goals, motivational base shared by
individuals, kind of group cohesion, social conformity,
group decision-making and leadership are the factors
that affects group dynamics. There are also different
types of leadership and these are as follows: functional,
status, task-oriented, relationship or person-oriented,
transactional, democratic, authoritarian, traditionoriented and development-oriented leadership.

CHAPTER 10
SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SOCIAL
PROCESSES

This chapter discusses the nature of social interaction, approaches to

social interaction, nature and the classification of social process.
Social interaction refers to the process by which people mutually or
reciprocally influence one another's attitudes, feelings and actions.
The three situation for social interactions are person to person,
person to group and group to group. Symbolic interaction, definition
of the situation, dramaturgy, ethnomethodology, social exchange
and functionalist view are the approach that explain social
interaction.
Social process refers to the recurrent and patterned interactions or
responses of individuals to one another which have attained stability.
This is classified according to formation and unity or opposition. The
basic or universal social processes and derived social processes are
under the first one. Under the second one are conjunctive and
disjunctive social processes.

CHAPTER 11
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
This chapter tackles the nature and meaning of collective
behavior, theories about it , preconditions before collective
behavior and types of collective behavior. Types of social
movements, meaning and nature of mass communication and
propaganda and propaganda techniques are also included.
Collective behavior refers to the relatively nonroutine actions
that engage large, often anonymous groups of people.
Ignorant mass theory, rational decision making approach,
emergent norm perspective, emotional and social contagion
theory, convergence perspective and value-added approach
are the theories that explain collective behavior

There are 6 conditions before a collective behavior occurs like

atructural conduciveness, social and structural strains,
generalized belief, precipitating events, mobilization of
participants amd social control. Blumer classified collective
behavior into crowd, mass, public, fashion, fad, crazes and
disaster behavior.
Social movement refers to an interested and motivated
gathering of people which aims to modify or change the
society's structure or ideology in a concerted and deliberate
manner. Alternative, redemptive, reformative and
transformative movements are the types of social
movements.
Mass communication is an organized communication through
organizational structures. While propaganda is a form of
communication aimed at influencing the attitude of a
community toward some cause or position. Here are some
propaganda techniques: ad nausean, ad hominem, sppeal to
fear, appeal to prejudice, jump on the bandwagon, etc.

CHAPTER 12
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL
MOBILITY
The meaning and nature, components and theories of social
stratification are discussed in this chapter. The types of social
stratification system are enumerated. The meaning and
factors affecting social mobility and measure or programs to
reduce inequality are also tackled.
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement and
eatablishment of social categories. The 3 components of
social stratification are social class, status and role. The
conflict and functional theory are the two theories that
account for social stratification. The open and close system
are the two analytically distinct types of stratification system.

Social mobility is the movement of people

from one position to another in the social
stratification system. It can either be a
vertical or horizontal social mobility.
Some of the factors affecting social mobility
is sex and gender, intellectual and nonintellectula factors and others. Creation of
public school system, establishment of GO
and NGO's and provisions for social services
are a few of the measures to reduce
inequality.

CHAPTER 13
ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM
The meaning of ethnic groups and racism, patterns
of ethnic groups relation, ethnic groups in the
Philippines and the measures and efforts to
eliminate or reduce prejudice and discrimination are
discussed in this chapter.
Race is commonly used to refer to the physical
differences between people brought about by
physical characteristics of genetic origin. Ethnic
group refers to a group of people sharing an identity
which arises from a collective sense of a distinctive
history.

The patterns of ethnic group relations are patterns of racism,

of competition, conflict and domination, of economic and
political subjugation, displacement and segregation of native
population, of accommodation and tolerance, of acculturation
and assimilation and of cultural pluralism or ethnic diversity.
Ethnic groups in the Philippines are categorized based on
distinctive phsical traits, cultural standpoints, linguistic
groupings and religion. There are also mant cultural
communities all over the country. To eliminate or reduce
prejudice and discrimination, some measures are implemented
such as contact and acquaintance and affirmative action
programs.

CHAPTER 14
SOCIAL CHANGE AND GLOBALIZATION
In this chapter, the nature and scope of social change, four
major theories of social change and sources of social change
are tackled. This is also about the nature, aspects, historical
precedents and benefits and negative effects of globalization.
Social change refers to the basic alterations in the behavioral
patterns, culture and structure of society over time. It could
be slow or fast and wide or limited in scope.
The four major theories of social change are evolutionary
theory, cyclical theory, equilibrium theory and conflict theory.
The sources of social change are shifting population,
technological innovation, new ideas and cultural ideas and
diffusion.

Globalization refers to the process of increasing

integration between units around the world. The
aspects of globalization are industrial, financial,
political, informational, cultural and globalism. The first
step in globalization happened during 16th and 17th
century when the first multinational was founded in the
Netherlands. And the liberalization in the 19th century
is often called "The First Era of Globalization. There
have been also a treaty to create the World Trade
Organization (WTO) which further the borderless world.
Globalization is indeed necessary to address problems
of global proportion like internal terrorism, global
poverty and racial discrimination. But the main
opposition here is that globalization responds mostly to
the interests of private corporations.