Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and
Combustion Technology
Completed Modules
1 Properties of Fuels
2 Petroleum Science
3 Refinery Processes
4 Major Refinery Products
5 Solid Fuels - Wood And Peat
6 Solid Fuels - Coal
7 Nuclear Energy - Nuclear Fission And Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Energy - Nuclear Reactors
Lubrication Types, Functions, Tribology
Lubrication - Regimes, Additives, Properties, Production
9
Process
8
Lets Revise
1Properties of Fuels
2Petroleum Science
3Refinery Processes
8 Nuclear
Energy
9 Lubricatio
n
Plants
How
are Nuclear Plants configured?
Function/s ofLubs
and their Types?
How are they Produced?
n C + (n + 1) H2 CnH2n + 2
Coal
Gasification
e
l
t
it
L
y
Bo
& an
M
t
a
F
Functions of a Lubricant
Cooling
Sealing
Other Information
Regimes
Additives
Characterization
Hydrodynamic
Carbon Residue
Boundary
Viscosity Index
Improvers
Viscosity
Mixed
De-foamants
Oxidation Inhibitors
Neutralization
Number
Detergents and
Dispersants
Anti-wear Additives
Pour Point
Extreme Pressure
Color
Important !
However, the quality or the performance features
of a lubricant cannot be adequately described on
the basis of physical and chemical tests alone.
Thus, major purchasers of lubricating oils, such as
the military, equipment builders, and many
commercial consumers, include performance tests
as well as physical and chemical tests in their
purchase specifications.
E.g. Oxidation Tests, Thermal Stability, Rust
Protection Tests, Foam Tests, EP and Anti-wear
Tests, Emulsion and Demulsibility Tests
Types of Lubricants
Physical
Application wise
Engine oils
Gear Oils
Turbine Oils
Hydraulic Oils
Metal working oils - Cutting
oils, Forming Oils
Rust preventives
Typical Lubricant
Applications
10
Chemical Formulae
Compositions
Calorific Values
Prof.
SASP
11
Combustion Equations
Combustion Characteristics of Fuels
Prof.
SASP
12
TAD
13
TAD
14
TAD
Diesel Vs Gasoline
Exhibit - 1
CIF Price
Landed Cost
Taxed Cost
Wholesale Cost
Retail Cost
FOB Price
Competitor Discount/ Premium
Freight
Insurance
Losses During Freight
Jetty / Pipeline Prices
Port Development Taxes
Bank Charges
LC Charges
Customs Duty
Excise Duty
Social Responsibility Levy
Cost of Working Capital
Storage Terminal Charges
Profit Margin
Marketing & Distribution Costs
Provincial Council Tax on Imported
Fuel
CIF price
Port charges
Taxes
Distribution
Charges
Importer Costs
Importer Margin
Dealer margin
Exhibit - 1
Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is only used with four-stroke
cycle engines which have a distinct induction process.
It is defined as the volume flow rate of air into the
intake system divided by the rate at which volume is
displaced by the piston:
Vc Clearance
Volume
Vd Displaced
volume
Vt= Vc+ Vd
Tc Top (Dead)
Center
Bc Bottom (Dead)
Center
Q.
A hydrocarbon fuel of composition 84.1
percent by mass C and 15.9 percent by
mass H has a molecular weight of 114.15.
Determine the number of moles of air
required for stoichiometric combustion and
the number of moles of products produced
per mole of fuel.
Calculate A / F ratio and the molecular
weights of the reactants and the products.
C= 12.011 / H=1.008
In moles:
In Mass:
&
Since the composition of the combustion
products is significantly different for fuel-lean
and fuel-rich mixtures, and because the
stoichiometric fuel / air ratio depends on fuel
composition, the ratio of the actual fuel/air
ratio to the stoichiometric ratio (or its inverse)
is a more informative parameter for defining
mixture composition: hence
fuel/air equivalence ratio = (A/F) Actual /
(A/F)Stoichiometric =
And the inverse is known as