FLOOD

vs.

INUNDATION

The state of which an area goes under and remains

under water for some time is generally called
Inundation.
Inundation is the general term which refers to the
overwhelming abundance and overflowing of water to a
dry area.

Inundation Flood

FLOOD

vs.

INUNDATION

WHAT IS FLOOD ?
Inundation supports water life forms,
soil fertility, ecosystems, ground water recharge, etc.,
When Inundation causes Damage to properties such as
households, crops, etc., disrupts communication, and brings
harmful effects to human beings as well as the flora and
fauna,
We call it Flood

Inundation + Damage = Flood

A Q U I C K R E V I E W O N HYDROGRAPHS
Hydrographs: Describes the changes in the discharge over a period
of time.
River Discharge: Amount of water flowing in a channel at a
particular point and
time. (Calculated as Area x Velocity)
Storm Hydrograph: Shows the change in discharge due to rainfall
over a period of time
Why do we need to construct and analyze Hydrographs?
To describe the discharge pattern of a particular drainage basins
To predict flooding events and enforce implementation of flood
prevention measures.

Lag Time
Peak flow
limb
mm
4

b
lim

Rising

Overlan
d flow

ion
ss
ce
Re

Discharge (m3/s)

Through flow

3
2

0
72

Base flow

12
..

24

36

Time (Hours)

48

FLOOD ROUTING
Flood Routing is the
technique of determining
the flood hydrograph at a
section of a river by utilizing
the data of flood flow at one
or more upstream sections.
The hydrologic analysis of
problems such as flood
forecasting, flood protection,
reservoir design and
spillway design invariably
includes flood routing.

Spillway: A structure to provide controlled

release of flow
From a dam into a downstream area.

TWO

CATEGORIES

--- Applied Flood Routing --For Flood Forecasting and

Protection,
Spillway and Reservoir Design

OF

FLOOD

ROUTING

Reservoir Routing
Channel Routing

Hydrologic (Lumped) Routing

--- Flood Routing --Hydraulic (Distributed) Routing

ESTIMATION OF FLOOD PEAK

The Maximum Flood Discharge (Flood Peak) in a river maybe
determined by the following methods:
(1.) Physical Indications of Past Floods

ESTIMATION OF FLOOD PEAK

The Maximum Flood Discharge (Flood Peak) in a river maybe
determined by the following methods:
(1.) Physical Indications of Past Floods

ESTIMATION OF FLOOD PEAK

The Maximum Flood Discharge (Flood Peak) in a river maybe
determined by the following methods:
(1.) Physical Indications of Past Floods
(2.) Empirical Formulas and Curves
(3.) Overland Flow Hydrograph
(4.) Unit Hydrograph
(5.) Flood Frequency Studies

FACTORS

AFFECTING
ROUTING

Storage Capacity
Discharge Capacity
Control structure or
Cross section
Size and condition
of spillway
Tailwater condition
Storage-discharge
curve

FLOW

Inflow Hydrograph
Characteristics
Volume of
Runoff
Runoff
distribution
Intensity
Duration
Initial Routing
Elevation
Permanent pool

BASIC EQUATIONS
RATE OF CHANGE OF STORAGE

Where: I = Inflow Rate

O = Outflow Rate
S = Storage

APPLIED

FLOOD ROUTING

Reservoir Routing: In Reservoir Routing, the effect of a flood wave

entering a reservoir
Is studied to predict the variations of
reservoir elevation and outflow discharge with time. This form of
hydrograph is essential in the design capacity of spillways and
reservoirs.
Channel Routing: In Channel Routing, the change in shape of a
hydrograph as it travels down a channel is studied. This form of
routing aims to predict the flood hydrograph at various sections of
the reach and is of utmost importance in flood-forecasting and
flood-protection works.

OTHER ROUTING METHODS

Hydrologic (Lumped) Routing: Flow is calculated as a

function of time at a particular location. This is governed
by the continuity equation, and flow/storage
relationship.

M O D I F I E D P U L S / L E V E L P O O L R O U T I
Modified Puls routing utilizes the simple concept that storage is
a function of outflow. Correct computation of the outflow
hydrograph rests on the assumption that storage depends
primarily, if not solely, on outflow rate. For this reason, Modified
Puls routing is typically used for reservoir routing where a unique
storage-outflow relation is likely. Strelkoff (1980) stated that
determination of this relationship is a key factor in the application
of the Modified Puls method.
The modified puls routing method is probably most often
applied to reservoir routing. This may also be applied to river
routing for certain channel situations.

M O D I F I E D P U L S / L E V E L P O O L R O U T I

ASSUMPTIONS:

When using the Modified Puls method, it is assumed that

a unique and single-valued stage-storage outflow
relationship exists for each reach, and that changing
downstream conditions will not alter this relationship.
As the horizontal water surface is assumed in the
reservoir.

HYDRAULIC ROUTING

Hydraulic routing methods combine the continuity

equation with some more physical relationship
describing the actual physics of the movement of
the water (moment equation).
The hydraulic method of flood routing is essentially
a solution of the basic Saint-Venant Equations

SAINTVENANT EQUATIONS

Approximate Methods
Complete Hydraulic Models/Fully Dynamic Routing

APPROXIMATE METHODS
These are based on the equation of continuity only
on a drastically curtailed equation of motion. It
includes:
Kinematic
Diffusion

HydraulIc METHODS
Kinematic Waves
The Modified Att-Kin Method
Diffusion Wave Routing
Quasi-Steddy Dynamic Wave Routing
Complete Hydraulic Models (Fully Dynamic Routing)

Momentum equation

K I N E M AWaves
TIC WAVE METHOD
Kinematic
The kinematic wave method assumes that the motion of the
hydrograph along the channel is controlled mostly by gravity
and friction forces. Therefore, uniform flow is assumed to take
place. The momentum equation becomes a wave equation:

So - Sf=0
Where:
So = Bed Slope
Sf =

Friction Slope

KINEMATIC WAVE METHOD

Kinematic waves are likely to occur
in steep channels and with long
duration hydrographs.

D IWave
FFUSION WAVES
Diffusion
The diffusion wave approximation includes the pressure
differential term but still considers the inertial terms
negligible; this constitutes an improvement over the kinematic
wave approximation. The diffusion wave approximation is
Where: Sf = friction slope
So = bed slope
Diffusion wave equation solution is a method which has
sufficient accuracy and easy to be solved, it is a good
selection to describe the flood wave movement in the river.

DIFFUSION WAVES
Assumptions
The diffusion wave method is based on
the assumption that the inertial terms in
the momentum equation are negligible.
This is appropriate for most natural,
slow-rising flood waves but may lead to
problems for flash flood or dam break
waves.

D IWave
FFUSION WAVES
Diffusion
Limitations
Since the inertial terms are not included in the
approximation, the method is limited to slow to
moderately rising flood waves. Most natural flood
waves can be described with the diffusion form of
the equations.

DIFFUSION WAVES

Data Requirements
- Cross Section of the Channel
- Slope
- Hydraulic Roughness

Complete

HydraulIc

Models

Fully Dynamic Routing

Complete hydraulic models solve the full Saint
Venant equations simultaneously for unsteady flow
along the length of a channel.
They provide the most accurate solutions available
for calculating an outflow hydrograph while
considering the effects of channel storage and
wave shape.

Complete

HydraulIc

Models

A computer is absolutely necessary as the

solutions
Dynamic routing, when compared to other
modeling techniques, relies less on previous flood
data and more on the physical properties of the
storm. This is extremely important when record
rainfalls occur or other extreme events.

C o m p l eWave
te HydraulIc
Diffusion

Models

Limitations
-Fully dynamic one-dimensional routing models do not
describe situations where lateral velocities and forces
are important.
-Time consuming and data intensive

ESTIMATING THE DESIGN FLOOD

Design Flood: The maximum flood that any
structure can
safely pass is called the Design Flood and is
selected after the
consideration of Economic and Hydrologic Factors.
A design flood
may be arrived by considering the cost of
constructing the structure to
provide flood control and the flood control benefits.
The design flood is
usually selected after making a cost-benefit analysis

ESTIMATING THE DESIGN FLOOD

In the design flood estimates, reference is usually made
to three classes:
(a) Standard Project Flood (SPF): This is the estimate of
the flood likely to occur from the most severe
combination of the meteorological and hydrological
conditions.

ESTIMATING THE DESIGN FLOOD

(b) Maximum Probable Flood (MPF): the extreme flood

that is physically possible in a region as a result of
severe most combinations of meteorological and
hydrological factors.

ESTIMATING THE DESIGN FLOOD

Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP): the greatest

projected or forecasted depth of precipitation for a

given duration meteorologically possible for a given
size storm area at a particular location at a particular
time of year

ESTIMATING THE DESIGN FLOOD

(c) Spillway Design Flood

Design Flood used for specific purpose of
designing the spillway of a storage structure.

ESTIMATING THE DESIGN FLOOD

Design Flood: It is the flood adopted for the design of

hydraulic structures like spillways, bridge openings,

flood banks, etc. It may be the MPF or SPF or a flood
of any degree of flood protection to be offered
considering the cost economics of construction of
structures

FLOODCONTROL

WHAT IS FLOOD MANAGEMENT?

Flood Control is commonly used to denote all
measures adopted to reduce damages to life
and property by floods. But rather than being
termed as Flood Control, Flood Management is
mostly preferred by many people and is a
more appropriate term because Total Flood
Control is neither possible nor desirable.
Flood Management aims to limit the adverse
impacts and risk imposed by high water levels
due to flooding.

OPTIONS FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT

FLOOD

CONTROL ME
ASURES

NONSTRUCTURA
L

STRUCTURAL

NONSTRUCTURAL MEASURES
Non-structural Measures of Flood Management
refers to those measures aimed at the reduction
of loss and damage by using administrative
measures.
This type of measures does not control or affect
the natural processes of inundation, but it does
not foster any economic growth.
This flood management measure has to include
the philosophy of Living with the Floods.

NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES
The Non-Structural Measure Options include:
Flood Plain Zoning
Flood Forecasting and Warning
Evacuation, Relocation and Shelter
Management
Flood Insurance

FLOOD PLAIN ZONING

Flood Plain Zoning are geographic areas that the FEMA
(Federal Emergency Management Agency) has
determined to be a flood risk to a nearby communities
and property. FEMA rate these zones for their severity of
risk, designates them as low-to-moderate risks, high
risks, coastal areas, and undetermined risks. Each zone
reflects the severity or type of flooding in the specified
area

A blank map may not

necessarily mean that
flooding does not occur in the
area
The flood maps show areas
affected by flooding induced
by severe or significant
rainfall (as experienced
during Ondoy). Smaller
volume of rainfall may still
produce flooding but with
significantly less height and
extent of flooding

vantages & Disadvantages of Flood Zoni

Advantage
No new roads or buildings
will be constructed on the
flood plain, so the impact
of any damage is
reduced.
It provides recreational
opportunities.
Flooding is more
predictable.

Disadvantage

It restricts development, which is a problem when there is a

shortage of housing.

It can't be used in areas which are already urbanized.

Flood Forecasting and Warning

Flood Forecasting and Warning is giving advance
notice that a flood is imminent or is in progress at a
certain location or in a certain river basin.
Factors on Flood Forecasting and Warning:
Timeliness
Accuracy

acuation, Relocation, and Shelter Manageme

Evacuation is the immediate and urgent movement of
people away from the threat or actual occurrence of a
hazard.
Relocation is moving your home out of the flood hazard
area.
Anemergency shelteris a place for people to live
temporarily when they cannot live in their previous
residence.

FLOOD INSURANCE
Flood insurancedenotes the
specificinsurancecoverage against property loss
fromflooding.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES
Structural Measures of Flood Management
refers to those measures used to control the
physical process of flooding, as well as
inundation.
This type of measures protects vulnerable areas
up to a certain level of flooding by modifying the
existing natural surrounding of the catchment
being considered. This modification involves the
addition of certain structures used to control the
flow of the flood.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

Structural Measures with proper water

management practices create condition for
increasing productivity from land and other
developmental activities.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES
The Structural Measure Options include:

Storage Reservoirs
Detention Reservoirs
Levee/Dikes
Floodways
Channel improvement
Watershed management

STRUCTURAL MEASURES
Storage Reservoir
a part of the storage in the reservoir
is kept apart to absorb the incoming
flood. The stored water is released in
a controlled way over an extended
time so that downstream channels
do not get flooded.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

STORAGE RESERVOIR

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

Detention Reservoir
Consists of an obstruction to a river
with
an uncontrolled outlet.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

DETENTION RESERVOIR

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

Levee / Dike
An embankment built to
prevent the overflow of a river.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

LEVEE/DIKE

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

Floodways
Are natural channels into which
a part of the flood will be
diverted during high stages.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

FLOODWAYS

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

Channel Improvement
Widening or deepening of the
channel to increase the
capacity of the channel to hold
water.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT

STRUCTURAL MEASURES
Watershed Management
Is the process of implementing
land use practices and water
management practices to
protect and improve the quality
of the water and other natural
resources.

STRUCTURAL MEASURES

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

FLOODCONTROL
IN THE PHILI
PPINES?

After the flood events of Ondoy and Pepeng in September and October 2009,
respectively that caused severe damages in Metro Manila and Surrounding
Areas, the World Bank has provided a Technical Grant in the amount of $1.5
Million under the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Trust
Fund of the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID).
A flood risk assessment study for the entire Metro Manila and Surrounding
Basin Area was undertaken from February 2011 to February 2012, to prepare a
comprehensive flood risk management plan for the same and to determine a
set of priority structural measures, which will still undergo individual feasibility
studies and detailed design prior to implementation, including non-structural
measures that will provide sustainable flood management up to a designated
safety level and serve as the roadmap/vision of the Government from 20122035 (23 years).

PRINCIPLES FOR MASTER PLAN DEVELO

1. Adopt Integrated Water Resources Management Principles and River
Basin Approach
2. Develop safe society with resiliency to floods through:
a.
b.
c.

Structural measures for the river basins and waterways

Structural measures for Laguna Lakeshore, and
Improvement of urban drainage system

3. Improvement of the Flood Information and Warning System (FIWS)

4. Establish integrated and consistent Flood Risk Management (FRM)
institutional system
5. Strengthen community-based flood risk management Land Use and
Solid Waste
6. Utilization of runoff waters as water resources, etc.
7. Reforestation and watershed management

An estimated 1.6 Million people will directly benefit from the mitigating structural
measures for the Pasig-Marikina River Basin and adjacent areas and around P43
Billion will be saved from direct damages due to floods.