Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jari Hietanen
Nokia Networks
Helsinki
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Agenda
Conclusions
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Terms
What is the difference between terms resilience and redundancy?
RESILIENCE:
Ability of the system to function seamlessly in the event of the failure of any
single item of hardware or failure of the software package.
REDUNDANCY:
According to Collins English dictionary, the term redundancy means
duplication of components in electronic or mechanical equipment so that
operations can continue following failure of a part or repetition of
information or inclusion of additional information to reduce errors in
telecommunication transmissions and computer processing.
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
The 3G SGSN
Main functions:
Subscriber authentication & authorization.
User data tunneling and routing (acts as a gateway for user data tunneling
between RNC and GGSN, separate tunnels towards RNC and GGSN for
each connection).
Mobility management (controls the location, state and security of UE).
Session management (managed through resource monitoring, admission
control and PDP context creation, modification and deletion).
Traffic management (performs packet classifying, policing, buffering,
shaping, marking and scheduling to ensure that all connections receive
appropriate Quality of Service).
Short message delivery.
Collection of charging data and traffic statistics.
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Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
The 3G GGSN
Main functions:
Signalling towards access networks. There is signalling, which is required
for creating, modifying and deleting the PDP contexts. The request for PDP
context creation comes always from an external network equipment.
Signalling towards data networks. Some of the signalling is required for
configuring the PDP context. Most of this signalling happens when the PDP
context is created. It is used e.g. allocating a IP address for User
Equipment (UE).
Charging. The GGSN analyses user plane traffic and reports the metering
results to the charging system via signalling interfaces.
Subscription management, authentication and session control. GGSN may
need to authenticate mobile subscribers before PDP context can be
created. In addition GGSN may need to know what services the mobile
subscriber is allowed to use.
Lawful interception. In many countries local authorities require possibility
for monitoring the traffic for certain mobile subscribers.
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Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
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Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
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Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Min
valu
e
Max
valu
e
Defau
lt
value
Unit
10
360
60
seconds
(s)
60
10
seconds
(s)
Echo Request
Retransmisson (N3)
10
times
This means that GTP considers a path between GSNs to be down from 1 to 600
seconds depending on configuration of GTP parameters.
For example if Echo reply waiting time (T3) is set to be 5 seconds and Echo
request retransmission (N3) is set to be 3 times, then the time that a GTP tunnel
is declared to be down is T3 x N3 = 5 s x 3 = 15 seconds.
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Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
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Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Link aggregation:
+ Does not require new hardware
+ Does not waste extra interface or line card capacity in router.
+ Fast recovery time from failure situation (about 500 ms)
+ Standardized solution
+ Economic and flexible method to increase network capacity
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Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Proxy ARP:
+ It can be added to a single router on a network without disturbing the routing
tables of the other routers on the network.
+ IP hosts can be used without configuring default gateway.
+ IP network does not need to have any routing intelligence.
+ Fast recovery time from failure situations.
+ Standardized solution.
+ It is easy to implement (only the gateway router has to be updated to
support Proxy ARP).
- Hosts need larger ARP tables to handle IP-to-MAP mappings.
- The amount of ARP traffic increases.
- This does not work with all network topologies (e.g. more than one router
connecting two physical networks).
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Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
VRRP:
+ It offers higher availability of the default path without requiring configuration
of dynamic routing protocol or router discovery protocols on every end-host.
+ Fast recovery from failure situations (average about 2.8 s).
+ Simple and flexible protocol.
+ Standardized solution.
- Not feasible to use with all network node architectures.
HSRP
+ The protocol offers similar functionality with VRRP.
:
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Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
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Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Conclusions
OSPF based layer 3 resilience mechanism is suitable for Gn network alone,
but in the future it will be too slow mechanism to detect network failures.
For a greenfield operator who does not have existing 2G network, it might
be reasonable to implement resilience using OSPF. A dynamic routing
protocol based solution offers advantages compared to link layer solution.
For example configuration of a network is simpler
However, the performance of Gn network can be improved using some L2
mechanism under OSPF.
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection seems to be most suitable L2 resilience
mechanism to be used with OSPF.
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Jari Hietanen
Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.
Questions?
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Thesis Seminar, 7.6.2005.