SOE CCE

CENG645
Mobile Communication
Course Introduction
Evolution of Wireless
Communication Systems (Chapter
1)

Dr. Samir Omar

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

SOE CCE

Outline
Course Introduction
Mobile Connections
Basic Cellular Concepts
Various Cellular Generations

Specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Conclusion

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

Topics covered

SOE CCE

C
o
u
r
s
e

Principles of cellular communication.

Evolution of wireless communication systems.
Frequency management and channel
assignment.

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

Multiple access techniques.

2G systems including GSM and IS-95.
3G systems including UMTS and CDMA2000.
3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE).
WiMAX.
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

Materials

SOE CCE

C
o
u
r
s
e

Textbook:
T. L. Singal, "Wireless Communications", McGraw
Hill, 2010.

References:

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

Andres Molisch "Wireless communications", 2nd

Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2011.
T. S. Rappaport, "Wireless Communications", 2nd
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
Mischa Schwartz, "Mobile Wireless
Communications", Cambridge University Press,
2005.
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

Schedule

SOE CCE

C
o
u
r
s
e

Weeks 1 & 2: Textbook Chapters 1 and 4

Introduction to Cellular Networks and Cellular
Antennas System Design
Weeks 3, 4 & 5: Textbook Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9
Cellular System Design Trade-offs and Multiple
Access Techniques

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

Weeks 6 & 7: Textbook Chapter 11 GSM

system
Weeks 8: Exercises and Midterm
Weeks 9 & 10: Textbook Chapter 12 IS 95
system
Weeks 11 & 12: Textbook Chapter 13 3G
10/18/16systems
CENG645 - Mobile Communication

SOE CCE

Marking Profile
Evaluatio

Date

Room

n
Attendanc
e
Midterm

Weight

C
o
u
r
s
e

Chapters
Covered

5%
TBA

TBA

30%

Project

Week 15

In class

20%

Chapters 1, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and
11
TBA

Final

TBA

TBA

45%

All chapters

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

E-Mail:
samir.omar@liu.edu.lb

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

SOE CCE

Outline
Course Introduction
Mobile Connections
Basic Cellular Concepts
Various Cellular Generations

Specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Conclusion

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

Connected Anywhere, Anytime

SOE CCE

Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

Next-generation
Cellular
Wireless Internet
Access
Wireless
Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart
Homes/Spaces

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

SOE CCE

Worldwide Mobile Facts

6.8 billion mobile subscriptions
4.5 billion persons using mobile devices

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

1.8 billion mobile phones sold in 2013 from

which one billion are smartphones
2013 was the first year that smartphones
outsold feature phones (non smartphones)
4 million+ Base Stations (BS) deployed
25MWh per year average power consumption of
each BS
Source:
mobiThinking
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

Smartphones

SOE CCE

Various devices integrated

into ONE
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

10

Cell Phone Activities over Time

SOE CCE

Percentage of cell phone owners in USA performing these

activities on their mobiles:
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

10/18/16

Source: Pew Internet &

American Life Project

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

11

Smartphone Market Share

Smartphone
manufacturers:
Worldwide smartphone
sales for 2012, Q2 (2nd
Quarter)

Source: IDC Worldwide Mobile

Phone Tracker, July 26, 2012

10/18/16

SOE CCE

Smartphone operating
systems:
All currently-owned
smartphones in Q2, 2012 in
the USA

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

Source: Nielsen (July 2012)

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

12

SOE CCE

Outline
Course Introduction
Mobile Connections
Basic Cellular Concepts
Various Cellular Generations

Specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Conclusion

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

13

Basics: Cell Structure

SOE CCE

C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

Multiple
Access
Downlin
k
Uplink
Mobile Station
Distributed
transceivers

10/18/16

Hando
f

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

Base Station
Fixed transceiver
Cells
Different
Frequencies
or Codes

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

14

Basics: Frequency Reuse

SOE CCE

C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

Major problems:
limited
spectrum
resources
interference

Reuse of
frequency
channels in
remote cells

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

GSM channel for

each user =
200 kHz
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

15

SOE CCE

Basics: Multiple Access Methods

Frequency

FDMA:
Frequency
Division Multiple
Access

Frequen
cy

CMDA: Code
Division
Multiple
Access

Time
Frequency
TDMA: Time
Division
Multiple
Access

10/18/16

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

Code
s

Time
CENG645 - Mobile Communication

C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

Time
16

Cellular Networks Architecture

- Rural areas:
huge cells of up
to thirty
kilometers

GSM

SOE CCE

- Urban areas
(highly
populated):
cells with a
radius of a few
hundred
meters

Base stations (BTS) are connected to a Base Station

Controller (BSC) which is responsible for managing
distribution of the resources
BSCs are connected to the Mobile Switching Centre
(MSC), managed by the telephone network operator, which
connects them to the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) and the Internet
MSCs are responsible
for managing user identities, their17
10/18/16
CENG645 - Mobile Communication
location and establishment of communications with other

C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

Cellular Networks Issues

SOE CCE

BS in the center of the

cell:

C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

Difficult site acquisition

High cost

Fixed cell coverage

shape:

C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s

Non-flexibility

Mobiles at cell edge:

Bad coverage
Low throughput

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

18

SOE CCE

Outline
Course Introduction
Mobile Connections
Basic Cellular Concepts
Various Cellular Generations

Specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Conclusion

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

19

Cellular Network Generations

SOE CCE
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

It is useful to think of cellular

Network/telephony in terms of generations:
1G: Analog cellular telephony
2G: Digital cellular telephony

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s

3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony

(including video telephony)
4G: IP-based voice, data, and multimedia
telephony at faster data rates than 3G

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

20

SOE CCE

Cellular Standards: Brief Survey

C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

1G systems: analog voice systems

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System): used FDMA

2G systems: digital voice channels

IS-136 TDMA: combined FDMA/TDMA (North America)
IS-95 CDMA: code division multiple access
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s

combined FDMA/TDMA
started by Europeans, most widely deployed in the world

2.5G systems: packet switched data channels

built-on 2G
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
evolved from GSM, multiple data channels, up to 80 Kbps

EDGE: Enhanced data rates for global evolution

also evolved from GSM, data rates up to 236.8K

CDMA-2000 (phase 1): evolved from IS-95; data rates up to

10/18/16

144K

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

21

SOE CCE

Cellular Standards: Brief Survey

C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

3G systems: supporting both voice/data

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service

new spectrum and air interfaces, wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
achieve higher data rates: from 384Kbps to 7.2 Mbps
both circuited switched and packet switched

CDMA-2000 (1xRTT): CDMA in TDMA slots

1xEvolution Data Optimized (1xEVDO): up to 14 Mbps

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s

3.5G systems: evolved from 3G UMTS

HSPA: High Speed Packet Access

includes High Speed Downlink/Uplink Packet Access

(HS[D/U]PA)

HSPA+: Evolved HSPA

data rates theoretically up to 84 Mbps or more

4G systems: fully packet-switched, all IP-based

LTE: Long Term Evolution

global cellular network architecture standard

LTE Advanced
CENG645 - Mobile Communication
WiMax

10/18/16

22

Mobile Data Rates

SOE CCE
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

2G 4G Data download
rates

2.5G speed is based on the maximum offered by Edge

technology
3G speed is based on the maximum offered by HSDPA
technology

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s

23

Evolution of Cellular Networks

SOE CCE
C
e
l
l
u
l
a
r

1G

10/18/16

2G

2.5
G

3G

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

3.5
G

4G

24

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s

SOE CCE

Outline
Course Introduction
Mobile Connections
Basic Cellular Concepts
Various Cellular Generations

Specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Conclusion

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

25

4G/LTE Cellular

SOE CCE

L
T
E

Much higher data rates than 3G (50 - 100

Mbps)

S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s

Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)

Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz
Low packet latency (<5ms)
Reduced cost-per-bit
Support for multimedia
All IP network
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

26

LTE Enabling Technologies

SOE CCE

Two main technologies:

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

Digital modulation on
multiple orthogonal
carrier frequencies
10/18/16

Multiple antennas at
the transmitter and/or
the receiver

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

27

L
T
E
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s

Global LTE Momentum

SOE CCE

L
T
E
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

28

LTE Deployment by Year

SOE CCE

L
T
E
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
Source: Cisco, 2013
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

29

SOE CCE

LTE in Lebanon
Ongoing pilot tests

Commercial in April 2013

L
T
E
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

30

LTE-Advanced Key Features

SOE CCE

Compatibility of services

L
T
E

Enhanced peak data rates to support

advanced services and applications

S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s

1 Gbps for low mobility

100 Mbps for high mobility

Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE

Downlink: 30 bps/Hz
Uplink: 6.75 bps/Hz

Optimized spectrum use

100 MHz
f
CC

Carrier aggregation: ability to support scalable

bandwidth use and spectrum aggregation where
non-contiguous spectrum needs to be used
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

31

SOE CCE

LTE-Advanced New Technologies

Coordinated multipoint (CoMP)
- Cell edge throughput
improvement
- Reduced/controlled inter-cell
interference

L
T
E

Relaying
- Coverage Extension
- Throughput/capacity gain

S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s

Coordination

Optical
fiber

Enhanced service provisioning, especially for

cell-edge users
10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

32

SOE CCE

Outline
Course Introduction
Mobile Connections
Basic Cellular Concepts
Various Cellular Generations

Specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Conclusion

10/18/16

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

33

SOE CCE

Future Cellular Network

Todays architecture

10x Lower
COST/Mbps

4M Macrocells serving 6 billion

mobiles
Anticipated 1M small cells per
year

(more
with
WiFi
Offload
)

MacrocellPicocell

Femto
cell

10x
CAPACITY
Improvem
ent

Heterogeneous
Networks
10/18/16
CENG645 - Mobile Communication

Near
100%
COVERAG
E

34

C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n

Application Driven Cellular

SOE CCE

5G 20xx

3G
2002
2G
1992

Voice
Messages
10/18/16

+Interactive 3D
MM
4G 2011 +Virtual Reality
+Broadband
Data
+3D Graphics

+Data

+Positionin
g

CENG645 - Mobile Communication

35

C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n