The Concept of Adaptive Radio Links AWICS-seminar, 18.12.2000 Pavel Loskot pavel.loskot@ee.oului Centre for Wireless Communications University of Oulu, Finland @Pavel Losiot: Presentation in AWIOS-seminar 18.12.2000Outline Introduction and Motivation ARL - Modern Concept of Telecommunications Optimization Problems (PHY) Nothing Is Ideal (Trade-offs) Adaptive Modulation Scheme (AMS) Coding and AMS Adaptive Multicarrier Modulation and Adaptive CDMA Other Techniques at PHY ARL in Today's Cellular Systems Conclusions GOSseeeeooor N.B.: Adaptive Radio Links = ARL @Pavel Losiot: Presentation in AWIOS-seminar 18.12.2000> Introduction and Motivation The transmission problem = power and bandwidth constraint channel capacity Wess essed = delay and complexity constraint a The noise source ae tortion in time and frequency (noise, fading, multipath ... etc.) — channel state information (CSI) = multiuser interference traffic spss = time-varying ors a Solution WENA tr — adaptive receiver = adaptive transmitter = combination of both a Adaptive transmitter only UMnERSTY — ideally fading channel — Gaussian channel ¥§ © Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 305) FROG+ Introduction and Motivation - Gont. Conventional solution AE HG — adaptive receiver only, so that the system design for the worth case or average channel = wasting the channel capacity New solution die = exploit all the available (time-varying) channel capacity — adaptive transmitter with partial/pertect channel state information and/or traffic situation to compensate it apriory = transmitter = function( channel( time ), traffic time )) CSl is obtained through = channel reciprocity (TDD) - open loop adaptation + relatively faster fading channels but interference limited = channel feedback (FOD) - closed loop adaptation + feedback is usually limited (latency, overhead) = of. power control Restrictions = point-to-point duplex connection A fk UNIVERSITY iy ie ‘Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWIC amminar 18.12.2000 415) BOSS o© ARL - Modern Concept of Telecommunications 3 Whatis adaptive — physical layer + adaptive modulation scheme (AMS) - power and data rate + coding - both source and channel + antennas (e.g. adaptive beamforming, or antenna switching) = link tayer + radio resource management - avoid or minimize collisions, retransmis interference (e.g. Dynamic Frequency Allocation, adaptive MAC, ARQ) = higher layers + routing (e.g. Ad-Hoc networks, ODMA) = adaptive users a Areas — information theory = detection theory Commins 30.0055 000 TEL Online — estimation theory — signal processing = etc. veRsTY an 4ivan Ss a (© Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 505) TOSS© ARL - Modern Concept of Telecommunications - Cont. a Goal = maximize link throughput - spectral efficiency (bits/s/H2) (in fact #ot users/link) = maximize network throughput - area spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz/m?) = minimize power (less stringent SNR requirements, or less complex computation) Problem bution of information in Time-Frequency-Space ? Data sources (interface to PHY) — variable bit rate source (VRS), e.g. data transfer = constant rate source (CRS), e.g. speech available rate source (ARS), e.g. video a Qos = at PHY - delay (maximum, jtter) and BER (average) - e.g. voice ver. data = higher layers - goodput = multimedia services - distortion rather than BER, veRsTY s (© Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 I of % <1 o©® Optimization Problems (PHY) © Assumptions = fading channel with 7 being the instantaneous SNR with distribution p(7) — variable power S(y) with average power constraint 5 - variable rate &(7) [bits/symbol] as to vary symbol period is impractical 1 Problem definition#1 (VBR) = maximize the average throughput Rkawendy = subject to average power constraint ESap(yidy=5 = subject to instantaneous BER constraint BER(7)-BER (more restrictive than average BER) a Problem definition#2 (CBR) = minimize the average power WS rdy — subject to average throughput GRP dY=K = subject to average BER constraint (GV BERYp(Yidy=BER a Solution — method of LaGrange multipliers to obtain optimum ratefpower adaptation policy = leads to a water-filling (in different dimensions) a Practical restriction ke {tie Z* 4 channel model as a Marcov process ney ‘Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 705) TOR ouL© Nothing Is Ideal (Trade-ofts) a Principle of uncertainty (physics) - arise with a practical implementation a General trade-offs (for Communications Engineering) = BER ver. throughput (implied by channel coding theorem) = performance ver. delay and complexity (not implied by Shannon theory) — power efficiency ver. spectral efficiency (e.g. CDMA ver. OFDM) — spectral efficiency ver. area spectral efficiency felines © Antennas XZ — physical size ver. performance a Coding and modulation sctiware: pessoind — channel coding ver. source coding (not implied by Shannon theory) = modulation level ver. coding = coding gain ver. complexity — amount of feedback ver. complexity —_ single link ver. cellular network ‘spreading a System related ie 9 SS = CDMA- spreading ver. coding (CDMA, MC-CDMA) H FON cantor we et tba raion aang $ ‘®Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 is?© Adaptive Modulation Scheme (AMS) o AMS is — technique to approach the channel capacity by varying (ct. solution to optimization problem) + power only (cf. power contro!) + rate only + both, power and rate. a Special attention to = AMS with coding (discussed later) = AMS in network + optimization of one link 7 spectral efficiency of that user, however, create MUI and | area spectral efficiency (iradeot?) AMS with multiple antennas — AMS as a muticarrier modulation andior with spreading (discussed later) 10 Limitations = Doppler spread + fast fading - the channel cannot be tracked and the performance is poor + slow fading - long outage periods infers large data butfers and significant link latency = delay spread * complexity ver. performance tradeoff in adaptive multicarrier modulation UNIVERSITY + single carrier modulation - problem to explicitly evaluate BER as a function of SNR. s (© Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 905) TOSS ouLU© Adaptive Modulation Scheme (AMS) - Cont. | System model - both TDD and FDD sold L Chanel eae AMS and cong Tp Chat 1 Steps to be taken — estimate the channel + outdated or erroneous estimates significantly impair the performance: = hence, ptaditon rtherthareetimaton — select new transr in format + instantaneous/average SNR based + instantaneous/average BER based (decoder) —_ signaling of the new format to the receiver (overhead) or blind detection a Effects of AMS = burss of eors removed, are donetaht BER supports wol-establlhed code to be used — if the delay is not a problem, the gain of AMS can be enormous UNIVERSITY = inpractice, usually adaptive MQAM (e.g. no Tx, BPSK, 4QAM, 16QAM) s @Pavel Losiot: Presentation in AWIOS-seminar 18.12.2000 10018) BOR ouL© Coding and AMS a Source coding — source and channel code trade-off = eg. unequal error protection, layered coding for multimedia Block codes (variable block length) a Convolutional codes (variable interleaving and puncturing) 12 Coset codes (separation of coding and modulation) (648 from capacity) = trellis and lattice codes te (variable coset size) a inayat com od 3 Turbo codes (3dB from capacity) Ls = cannot separate coding and modulation ety — BER curves necessary - upper bound additional constraint of block length vers = adapt the channel encoder itself s ‘Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 11015) FRO o© Adaptive Multicarrier Modulation and Adaptive CDMA 2 Adaptive MCM — infact, MCM means that frequency dimension is available = by SVD a set of independent parallel flat fading channels = joint adaptation of subcarriers - bit and power loading = mitigate the latency problem over slow fading channels = decomposition also via DFT - requires finite block length otherwise backward/forward adaptation to attain the channel capacity = other degrees of freedom + number of subcarriers (related to coherence bandwidth) + cyclic prefix oe a Adaptive COMA + = degrees of freedom yee [i gt Jer fos + multicode + variable processing gain eo + multilevel modulation a Adaptive MCM-CDMA +a —epse | | ig = great flexibility (the degrees of freedom) — ranges from OFDM to FH/DS-CDMA @Pavel Losiot: Presentation in AWIOS-seminar 18.12.2000 UNIVERSITY ey oUL© Other Techniques at PHY 0 Precoding —_ pre-Rake, or design of spreading codes to force zero MU! in GMC-CDMA a Predistortion and preequalization — prevent noise enhancement at the receiver — power limited channel inversion at the transmitter (keep constant SNR) = receiver can be simpler 10 Beamforming and smart antennas — MIMO - SISO structure — 1D coding followed by precoding (antenna weights) can achieve the capacity 1 Uncorrelated antennas — antenna selection/switching - good performance and complexity tradeoff = MCM preceding each antenna create the set of flat fading channets a Variable packet length — related to MAG and also to coding uneasy SS © Pavel Loskot: Presentaion in AWIGS-seminar 18.12.2000 13:5) AO ouL® ARL in Today's Cellular Systems. 1 Today's cellular systems assure 90-95% coverage for certain QoS = hence, most area excessive SNR - support of higher data rates Constraints adaptation on frame by frame basis = slow feedback (= 10-100 ms) WCDMA ‘CDMA2000 15-958 Variable spreading Variable spreading code aggregation and coding and coding GPRS GPRS-136 EGPRS adaptive coding and adaptive modulation and | adaptive modulation and slots aggregation slots aggregation slots aggregation 1 Historical note channel estimation techniques @Pavel Loskot: Presentation in AWICS-seminar 18.12.2000 renewed interested late 80's for meteor-burst communications early 90's, variable rate MQAM by Stee! and Webb the first idea late 60's, however, short lived due to hardware limitations and lack of good 14(15)® Conclusions a ARLis a modern concept of communications — the transmission format is change according to predicted channel conditions — the traffic is scheduled in order to avoid interference a The main motivation is the lack of spectrum (can be only worse in future) — the spectrum shall be used as efficiently as possible 1 Adaptive transmitter to approach time-varying channel capacity — the more degrees of freedom the better the performance — at PHY layer + water-filing in time (adaptive modulation) + water-filing in frequency (bit and power loading) + water-filing in time and frequency (not studied, yet) = upper layers + avoid interference and optimize routing o ARL principles in all current standards — cellular + WCDMA, CDMA2000, 1S-95, GPRS, GPRS-136, EGPRS — broadband + HIPERLAN/2, IEEE 802.11 ay S a @Pavel Losiot: Presentation in AWIOS-seminar 18.12.2000 15015) BBO 0