Classification of Bones

Human body consists in 206 bones. They are divided in two groups:

a. Axial skeleton

Forms long axis of the body.

Includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib

cage.

These bones are involved in protection, support, and

carrying other body parts.

b. Appendicular skeleton

Bones of upper and lower limbs and the girdless

(shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach them to the
axial skeleton.

Involved in locomotion.

Long Bones
Much longer than they are wide
All bones of the limbs except for
the patella (kneecap), and the
bones of the wrist and ankle.
Consists of a shaft plus 2
expanded ends
Short Bones
Roughly cube
Irregular Bones
Bones with complicated
shaped
Bones of the wrist
shapes.
Vertebrae, hip bones, 2
and the ankle
skull bones (sphenoid and
ethmoid bones).
. Flat Bones
Thin, flattened, and usually
a bit curved.
Scapulae, sternum
(shoulder blades), ribs,
Sesamoid bone
and most bones of the
skull.

1. Classification of bone
by shape

2. Based on tissue
a. Compact bone
Homogeneous, dense, outer bone.
b. Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone, many open spaces, porous, and inner
bone.

Bone Development and Growth

Osteogenesis :
development of
bone
Intramembranous
bones
Endochondral
bones.

The Relationship Between Bone

In the body of the bone can relate closely or not

closely. The relationship between bone with each
other bones called articulation

Sinartrosis

Amfiartrosis

Diartrosis

The types of relationships between the

bones

Sinartrosis

Sinartrosis is a relationship
between bones that does not
have a gap joints. Relationship
of the bones is connected to
both by a connective tissue
which then harden so that
absolutely can not be moved

Synfibrosis /SUTURA

Synchondrosis

Sinfibrosis/Sutura

Sutura is the lines that exist on the skull

indentation. Suture connected by fibrous
connective tissue that is stiff / hard. This
makes the joints are wrapped by fibrous
tissue can not move

Sinkondrosis

Synchondrosis has a thin cartilage in the

joint of relationship between bones.

Amfiartrosis

is the relationship between

bones that are connected by
thin cartilage. This relationship
this bones are the spine and the
pubic bone

Symphysis

Syndesmosis

Symphysis

Connected by a thin cartilage. The

relationship this bones are covered by
cartilage and this cartilage allows to be
moved.

Syndesmosis

Formed when teh bones connect by

fibers collagen tissue. Found on the
bones that lay side by side.

Diartrosis (Motion Bones)

Diartrosis is the relationship

between bones that allows for
the free movement between the
bones. Diartrosis also known as
synovial relationship of between
bones.

The relationship bones capsule is

composed of two layers: the inner
layer (called the synovial membrane)
and the outer layer (called the fibrous
membrane).

The Types of Diartrosis

Saddle joint (Sendi

Pelana)

Sliding joint (Sendi

Geser)

Bullet Joint (Sendi peluru)

Both ends of the bone is the bend and humpshaped bone

Movement all directions

A hinge joint (Sendi engsel)

Both ends of the bone-shaped hinge and pivot

one, and the form is the joint like a hinges of
door.

Causing flexion and

extension. Round on the
joint surface is
associated with other
bone so that the
movement of only one
field and two-way

Rotari Joint (sendi Putar)

bone ends may be around the end of one bone to

another. This form allows the rotational movement
with the shaft.

Saddle joint (Sendi Pelana)

saddle joint bone surfaces which articulates

concave on one side and concave on the other
side, so that the bones will snap into place as two
mutually fused plana

Sliding joint (Sendi Geser)

is the joints where the movement is simply

shifting. The second tip is rather flat and does
not have a pivot. This joint role in everyday of
life

Kinds of joint motion

Structure and Function of Muscle

Muscle is most of
tissue that make up
the human body, at
the beginning of the
birth reached 25% of
the mass of the
body, more than
40% as a teenager,
and 30% when the
adults / parents

Part of Muscle

1. Sarcolemma Sarcolemma is the membrane that coats a muscle cell that functions as a
protective muscle
2. Sarcoplasmic Sarcoplasmic is fluid muscle cell function to the place where miofibril and
miofilamen located
3. Myofibrils Myofibrils are fibers in the muscle
4.

Miofilamen are threads / Smooth filaments emanating from miofibril

Inside there miofilamen kontraktil called

aktomiosin protein (actin and myosin),
tropopin and tropomyosin. When our
muscles to contract (shorten) the
protein actin is working and if we do
muscle relaxation (lengthwise), the
myosin is at work.

Function of Muscle

Contractility

Excitability

Extensibility

Elasticity

Types of
MUSCLE IN HUMANS

Abnormalities
in Human Motion Systems
Rickets
Rickets occurs due to
deficiency of vitamin D
which helps the
absorption of calcium
and phosphorus, so
that the hardening
process of bone
disturbed.
This disease occurs in
children.Rickettsial
cause foot bones to
grow incurve.

Lordosis is a disorder with a curved spine

Excessive toward the front at the waist
so that the waist looks
more prominent in the future.

Scoliosis is a curving of the

spine to one side, left or right.

Kyphosis is a disorder with a

curved spine Excessive chest
towards the rear so that she