HOMEOSTASIS DAN

MEKANISME REGULASI
HOMEOSTASIS
Departemen Fisiologi
Fakultas kedokteran
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Specific Learning
Objectives
1.

2.

3.

Menjelaskan konsep homeostasis dan arti

pentingnya untuk organisme.
Menjelaskan aspek-aspek yang
dipertahankan dalam homeostasis.
Menggambarkan bagaimana feedback
positif dan negatif, feedforward dan refleks
berperan untuk meregulasi homeostasis,
beserta contohnya.

CONCEPT OF
HOMEOSTASIS
Body cells are in contact
with the privately
maintained internal
environment.
Internal environment:
outside the cells but
inside the body
(extracellular fluid)
Extracellular fluid:
plasma and interstitial
fluid

Body cells can live

and function only
when the
extracellular fluid is
compatible with their
survival.
Maintenance of a
relatively stable
internal environment
is termed
homeostasis
(homeo means the
same; stasis means
to stand or stay).

Homeostasis
Maintenance of constancy of the
internal environment ( milieu )

Dynamic steady state of

the internal environment
Changes in the internal environment
around cells in the body automatically
initiate responses to minimize effects of
the change.

Regulation of the internal

environment in order to maintain
life processes

Homeostasis

The maintenance of
relatively stable conditions
inside the body.

Small changes do
occur within narrow
limits.
These changes occur in
response to changes in
the external
environment.
Involves careful control
and integration of
bodily functions.

Homeostasis is essential for the survival of each cell,

and each cell, through its specialized activities,
contributes as part of a body system to the
maintenance of internal environment shared by all
cells.

Make up

Is essential
for survival
of

Factors homeostatically
regulated
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

Concentration of nutrient molecules

Concentration of O2 and CO2
Concentration of waste products
pH
Concentration of water, salt, and other
electrolytes
Temperature
Volume and pressure

Contributions of body systems to

homeostasis
1.

2.

Circulatory system: transport system,

carries materials such as nutrients and
hormones from one part of body to another
Digestive system: breaks down dietary
food into small nutrient molecules that can
be absorbed into plasma for distribution to
the body cells

Contributions of
body systems to
homeostasis
Organ systems are composed of two or
more different organs that work together
to provide a common function.

10 major
organ systems in the
There are

human body, they are the:

Skeletal
System:

Muscular
System:

Respiratory
System:

Nervous
System:

Circulatory
System:

Digestive
System:

Excretor
y
System:

Endocrine
System:

Reproductive
System:
Lymphatic/Immu
ne System:

Skeletal System:
Major Role:
The main role of the
skeletal system is to
provide support for the
body, to protect delicate
internal organs and to
provide attachment sites for
the organs

Major Organs:
Bones, cartilage, tendons
and ligaments

Muscular System:
Major Role:
The main role of the muscular
system is to provide movement.
Muscles work in pairs to move
limbs and provide the organism
with mobility. Muscles also
control the movement of
materials through some organs,
such as the stomach and
intestine, and the heart and
circulatory system.
Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and smooth
muscles throughout the body.

Cardiovascular System:
Establishing the factors
responsible for the heart
beat
How the heart pumps the
blood around the
circulation
How it is distributed to
perfuse the tissues
according to their needs
transport system, carries
materials such as nutrients and
hormones from one part of body
to another

Respiratory System:
How is the air moved in
& out of the lungs
How is the volume of air
breathed adjusted to
meet the requirements
of the body
What limits the rate of
O2 uptake in the lungs

Digestive System:
How is food
ingested (broken
down & ingested)
How are the
individual nutrients
absorbed
How is the food
moved through the
gut
How are the
indigestible remains
eliminated from the

Kidney & Urinary System:

How do the kidney regulate
the ... Of the blood
How do they eliminate toxic
waste
How do they respond to
stresses such as dehydration
What mechanisms allow the
storage & elimination of the
urine

Reproductive System:
How are the sperm & egg
produced
What is the mechanism of
fertilization
Female:

How does the embryo

grow & develope
How is it delivered &
nourished until it can tend
for it self

Lymphatic/Immune System:

Major Role:
The main role of the immune system is to
destroy and remove invading microbes
and viruses from the body. The
lymphatic system also removes fat and
excess fluids from the blood.
Major Organs:
Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white
blood cells, T- and B- cells

Nervous System:
Major Role:
The main role of the nervous system
is to relay electrical signals through
the body. The nervous system
directs behaviour and movement
and, along with the endocrine
system, controls physiological
processes such as digestion,
circulation, etc.

Major Organs:
Brain, spinal cord and peripheral
nerves

Endocrine System:
Major Role:
The main role of the endocrine system
is to relay chemical messages through
the body. In conjunction with the
nervous system, these chemical
messages help control physiological
processes such as nutrient absorption,
growth, etc.
Major Organs:
Many glands exist in the body that
secrete endocrine hormones. Among
these are the hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Homeostatic control
system

Is a functionally interconnected network of

body components that operate to maintain
a given chemical or physical factor in the
internal environment relatively constant
around an optimal level

Control system must be able:

1. Detect deviations from normal in internal
environment factor that needs to be held
within narrow limits
2. Integrate this information with any other
relevant information
3. Make appropriate adjustments in activity of
body parts responsible for restoring this
factor to its desired value.

Homestatic control system:

1. Intrinsic (local) control are built into or are
inherent in an organ (within).
Ex: as an exercising skeletal muscle rapidly
uses up O2 to generate energy to support its
contractile activity, the O2 concentration
within the muscle falls causing smooth
muscle of blood vessels that supply the
exercising muscle dilate or open widely as
result increased blow flow bringing more O2
into the exercising muscle.

Extrinsic factors (>>>): regulatory

mechanisms initiated outside an organ to
alter activity of the organ (outside of);
accomplished by nervous system and
endocrine system.
Ex: to restore blood pressure to proper level
when it falls too low, the nervous system
simultaneously acts on heart and blood
vessels to increase blood pressure to
normal
2.

To stabilize physiological factor being

regulated homeostatic control system must
be able to respond to and resist change
The term Feedback refers to responses
made after a change has been detected;
intrinsic control & extrinsic control
The term Feedforward is used for responses
made in anticipation of a change; extrinsic
control

Regulation
of
Body Function

Endocrine system

Negative feedback

Nervous system

Positive
feedback
Regulates mainly
the metabolic
function

Homeostasis and
Feedback Control

Regulates mainly
muscular and
secretory activities

Negative

feedback:

change in homeostatically controlled

factor triggers a response that seeks
to restore the factor to normal by
moving the factor in the opposite
direction of its initial change

 Ex:

when temperature-monitoring
nerve cells detect a decrease in body
temperature below the desired level,
these sensors bring about sequence
of events that culminates in
shivering , among other responses,
to generate heat and increase the
temperature to the proper level

Positive

feedback

(<<<),
the output is continually
enhanced or amplified so that
the controlled variable
continues to be moved in the
direction of the initial change.

Ex: in the birth of a baby, hormone

oxytocin causes powerful
contractions of the uterus, as uterine
contraction push the baby against
the cervix (exit from uterus), the
resultant stretching of the cervix
triggers a sequence of events that
brings about release of even more
oxytocin, which causes even stronger
uterine contraction, triggering the
release more oxytocin and so on.

 Feedforward bring about a response in

anticipation of a change in a regulated

variable.
Ex: when a meal is still in the digestive tract,
a feedforward mechanism increases the
secretion of a hormone that will promote
the cellular uptake and storage of ingested
nutrients after they have been absorbed
from the digestive tract.

Thank You

Terima Kasih

3.

Respiratory system: obtains O2 from and

eliminates CO2 to external environment

4.

Urinary system: removes excess water,

salt, acid and other electrolytes from
plasma and eliminate them in the urine
Skeletal system: provide support and
protection for soft tissues and organs

5.

6.

7.

Muscular system: moves the bones to

which skeletal muscles are attached,
enables an individual to move toward food
or away from harm
Integumentary system: serve as an outer
protective barrier that prevents internal
fluid from being lost from body and foreign
micro-organisms from entering

8.

9.

10.

Immune system: defends against foreign

invaders and against body cells that have
become cancerous
Nervous system: one of the two major
regulatory systems of the body
Endocrine system: other major regulatory
system

Function of Control
System:

Activities of all tissues must be coordinated to maintain normal

function and to ensure survival of the
organism.

The organism must respond to

chemical and physical changes in
environment