Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr Norhidayah Ideris
Level 6, Thermodynamic Lab
019-470 1439
Acknowledgement:
1. Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri
2. Norhasyimi Rahmat
Chemical Identity
Chemical species refers to any compound or element with
a given identity.
The identity of a chemical species is determined by the
kind, number, and configuration of that species' atoms.
A chemical species is said to have reacted when it has lost
its chemical identity.
Three ways a chemical species can lose its chemical
identity:
decomposition
combination
isomerization
Reaction Rate
The reaction rate is the rate at which a species looses its
chemical identity per unit volume.
The rate of a reaction can be expressed as the rate of
disappearance of a reactant or as the rate of appearance
of a product. Consider species A: (rA; -rA; -rA)
rA = the rate of formation of species A per unit volume
-rA = the rate of a disappearance of species A per unit v
volume
-rA = the rate of disappearance of species A on a per
mass of catalyst basis- for a catalytic reaction
Characteristics
Consider species j:
rj is the rate of formation of species j per unit volume. It is the
number of moles of species j generated per unit volume per unit
time.
rj is a function of concentration, temperature, pressure, and the
type of catalyst (if any)
rj is independent of the type of reaction system (batch, plug
flow, etc.)
rj can be also be function of position and can very from point to
point
Batch Reactor
Batch Reactor
mainly used for small scale
operation
suitable for slow reactions
mainly used for liquidphase reaction
charge-in/clean-up times
can be large
CSTR
steady state operation;
used in series
good mixing leads to
uniform concentration and
temperature
mainly used for liquid
phase reaction
suitable for viscous liquids
F jO
Fj
+
Gj
Gj
dN j
dt
=
Fj
FjO
Control Volume = V
Gj = (rate of formation of j) V
= (rj)V
Batch
dN j
(rj )V
dt
PBR
Integral
Equation
Nj
N jO
dN j
(rj )V
Fjo Fj
V
( rj )
CSTR
PFR
Algebraic
Equation
dF j
dV
dFj
rj '
dW
Fj
rj
Remarks
(r )
F jO
dF j
Fj
F jO
dFj
( rj ' )
Rate of Equation
The rate of equation/ the rate law is an
algebraic equation that depends on
reacting materials and reaction conditions. It
is independent of the type of reactor (batch
or continuous).
Elementary reaction
Elementary reactions: the rate of equation
corresponds to a stoichiometric equations
H2+I22HI
-rH2=k[H2]
sider a single[Ireaction
with stoichiometric equation
2]
Non-elementary reaction
Non-elementary reactions: no direct
correspondence between stoichiometry and rate
When there is no direct correspondence between
stoichiometry and rate, then we have nonelementary reactions. The classical example of a
non-elementary reaction is that between hydrogen
and bromine,
A non-elementary reaction
is one whose stoichiometry
does not match its
kinetics. For example,
dCi
rate
dt
aA bB cC dD
For relative rate of reactions, various species that involved
in reaction can be obtained from stoichiometric
coefficient:
rA rB rC rD
a
b
c
d
based on
(EQ 5)
(EQ 6)
(EQ 7)
(EQ 9)
The molecularity
shows the power or
the order of the
2.
Reactions with high activation energies are very temperaturesensitive; reactions with low activation energies are relatively
temperature-insensitive.
3.
Example 1
Milk is pasteurized if it is heated to 63oC for 30 min, but
if it is heated to 74C it only needs 15 s for the same
result. Find the activation energy of this sterilization
process.
Example 2
A rocket engine, Fig. El.l, burns a stoichiometric mixture of fuel (liquid
hydrogen) in oxidant (liquid oxygen). The combustion chamber is
cylindrical, 75 cm long and 60 cm in diameter, and the combustion process
produces 108 kg/s of exhaust gases. If combustion is complete, find the rate
of reaction of hydrogen and of oxygen.
Example 2
A human being (75 kg) consumes about 6000 kJ of food per day.
Assume that the food is all glucose and that the overall reaction is
Find man's metabolic rate (the rate of living, loving, and laughing) in
terms of moles of oxygen used per m3 of person per second.