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Physiology
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1) Define the following terms: Anatomy, Body system, Cell,
Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue
2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly used to refer
to body
3) Identify 4 Body Positions
4) Identify 5 Body Cavities
5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems
6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?
Anatomical Positions
Directional Terms
Superior
Medial
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Inferior
Distal
Lateral
Terms
for Movements
Flexion: bending
Extension: straightening
Hyper: beyond normal range of motion (injury)
Abduction: move extremity away from the body
Adduction: move extremity toward the body
Body Cavities
Cavity: Hollow space in the body that houses vital organs
and organ systems
-Cranial Cavity
-Spinal Cavity
-Thoracic (Chest) Cavity
-Abdominal Cavity
-Pelvic Cavity
Nervous System
-controls all activities of the body via sensory input
voluntary: somatic nervous system
involuntary: autonomic nervous system
-Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord
cerebrum: rational thought, sensory perception
cerebellum: coordinates movement
brain stem: controls basic body functions (circulatory,
respiratory, digestive function)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable of nerve fibers that
connect the spinal cord to bodily organs (Brachial plexus,
lumbosacral plexus)
Nervous System 2
Brain stem
cerebrum
cerebellum
Brachial plexus
Connecting nerves:
connect sensory and
motor
Lumbrosacral plexus
Spinal Column
Stomach,
spleen
Appendix
Colon
-small and large intestines in all quadrants
Gastrointestinal System
Anatomy
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestine
Saliva
Hydrochloric acid
Bile
Retroperitoneal Region
-behind the chest wall know: pancreas, kidney, adrenal
gland, urinary bladder
-Pelvis: closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum, 2) ilium, 3)
ischium
Respiratory System
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Circulatory System
-collection of tubes that circulate blood (arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins) and the heart
-heart: muscular organ made of cardiac muscle
(myocardium) each side is divided into upper and lower
chambers (atrium and ventricle)
-arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart
-aorta: principal artery
-veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
-vena cava: principal vein (superior-above heart,
inferior-below heart)
-capillaries: fine end of circulatory tubes, intersect with cells
in bodily tissues, feeds O2 and removes CO2, metabolic
waste
Circulatory Path
http://asweknowit.net/MIDDLE_SCH/DWA%205%20organ%20systems.htm
Physiology
Muscles
Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle: attached to bone, also called striated
-voluntary muscle: under direct voluntary control
paralyzed muscle: muscle lacking nerve impulse
because of broken connection / damaged nerves
(voluntary control is lost)
Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle
-found in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, bronchi
of the lungs (propels flow of blood, fluids) under same
nervous system
Cardiac muscle: own blood supply and its own electrical
(stimulus) system; heart sets its own rhythm and rate without
brains influence