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Hinduism views life as having four noble purposes or goals known as purusharthas - dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. Dharma represents righteousness and moral duty. Artha refers to material prosperity and economic goals. Kama encompasses pleasure, desires, and emotional fulfillment. Moksha is the ultimate liberation from cycles of rebirth through spiritual enlightenment. Together, the purusharthas provide guiding principles for how Hindus should approach and find purpose in life.
Hinduism views life as having four noble purposes or goals known as purusharthas - dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. Dharma represents righteousness and moral duty. Artha refers to material prosperity and economic goals. Kama encompasses pleasure, desires, and emotional fulfillment. Moksha is the ultimate liberation from cycles of rebirth through spiritual enlightenment. Together, the purusharthas provide guiding principles for how Hindus should approach and find purpose in life.
Hinduism views life as having four noble purposes or goals known as purusharthas - dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. Dharma represents righteousness and moral duty. Artha refers to material prosperity and economic goals. Kama encompasses pleasure, desires, and emotional fulfillment. Moksha is the ultimate liberation from cycles of rebirth through spiritual enlightenment. Together, the purusharthas provide guiding principles for how Hindus should approach and find purpose in life.
The four purushastras : Dharma, Artha, Kama and moksha
I.
DHARMA( the principle of righteousness)
Dharma- supreme principle of life, a major end in life
Derived from sanskrit root, dhri meaning to hold
together, to sustain, to preserve
Dharma holds together whole universe
It is essential to maintain stability of society
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
Every forms of life, every group of men has dharma
Which is law of its beings
Dharma or virtue is conformity with truth to it
Adharma or vice- is opposition to it
Mimamsa a philosophy
Dharma means moral code of conduct to be observed by all
human beings
Dharma is not Religion
Religion is a system of dogmas
Particular way of worshipping
Dharma
is living experience
Guiding principle of life
Complete rule of life
It leads way towards ultimate reality
It is not supernatural belief
it aims at highest perfection of life- moksha
It is knowledge of reality
Performance of duties, moral law
Righteous way of living
Guidelines in all social actions It is foundation of social structure Members of society to subject themselves to obligations
Kinds of Dharma
Manu speaks of sapta dharma(seven types of dharma)
1) Samanya Dharma - general rules, duties, truth, nonviolence, non-stealing, control of senses 2) Raja Dharma duties of responsibilities 3) Stridharma - duties, responsibilities, character of woman 4) Dampatya dharma duties of husband and wife 5) Varna dharma duties of different varna- brahmins, kshatriya, vyshya, shudra 6) Ashrama dharma rules relating to different stages of ashramas, brahmacharya, grihastha, varnaprastha, sanyasa 7) Apaddharma rules to be followed when one is in a crisis Sources of dharma Vedas - main source of dharma
II.
ARTHA: (WEALTH)
Wordly prosperity wealth & power
To acquire wealth by honest means
Without artha no desire(kama) can be satisfied
Hungry stomach knows no virtue
Economic stabilty basis of social stability, individual
advancement, spiritual attainment
Artha or wealth helps to sustain and enrich life
Pursuit of wealth legitimate human aspiration
Artha is to be secured through righteousness
III.
KAMA ( PLEASURE OR DESIRE)
Desires of man for enjoyment, satisfaction of life of senses
Innate desires, urges in man
It is the essence of life
With passage of time, desires increase
These desires determine social action
Pleasures of life need not be discarded for the
sake of other world
Kama does not mean instinctive life
It involves sexual, emotional and aesthetic life
Aesthetic life appreciation of all that is fine
and beautiful
Kama represents emotional expression
Lowest manifestation sex drive
It is often regarded one of the six enemies of
IV.
MOKSHA
Ultimate aim of life
Salvation, liberation from bondage of the
world
It is called moksha
When dharma becomes absolute concept it
gets the name of moksha
It is supreme aspiration of life
All our activities directed toward this end
The other three purushastras dharma,
artha, kama are called trivangas
WAYS OF ATTAINING MOKSHA
Four ways of attaining moksha or salvation
I.
Meditation Yoga marga
II.
Knowledge Jnana marga
III.
Devotion Bhakti marga
IV.
Correct action Karma marga
One is free to choose any of the four of these paths