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f(x-2)
f(x-1)
f(x-3)
What is a wave?
Forward [f(x-vt)] and
backward [f(x+vt)]
propagating waves
The one-dimensional wave equation
Harmonic waves
Wavelength, frequency, period, etc.
What is a wave?
A wave is anything that moves.
To displace any function f(x) to the
right, just change its argument from
x to x-a, where a is a positive
number.
If we let a = v t, where v is positive
and t is time, then the displacement
will increase with time.
f(x)
f(x-2)
f(x-1)
f(x-3)
f
1 f
2 2 0
2
x
v t
f ( x, t ) f ( x vt )
where f (u) can be any twice-differentiable function.
x u x
So
f f
x u
2
2
x 2 u 2
and
f
f
v
t
u
f f u
t u t
2
2
f
2
v
t 2
u 2
2 f
1 2 f
2 2
2
x
v t
2 f
1 2 2 f
2 v
2
u
v
u 2
u
v
t
where E is the
light electric field
E ( x, t ) B cos[k ( x vt )] C sin[k ( x vt )]
kx (kv)t
or
E ( x, t ) B cos(kx t ) C sin(kx t )
where:
E ( x, t ) B cos(kx t ) C sin(kx t )
as long as:
A cos() = B and
A sin() = C
A
x
2
Wavelength,
etc.
Wavelength
Spatial quantities:
k-vector magnitude: k = 2/
wave number: = 1/
Period
Temporal quantities:
Temporal quantities:
t
angular frequency: = 2/
cyclical frequency: = 1/
v =
Since = 1/:
x
The wave moves one wavelength, ,
in one period, .
v = v
v =/k
T=d/v
Human wave
= /t
k = /x
And
/t
v =
/x
Complex numbers
y (Imaginary)
x = A cos()
Consider a point,
P = (x,y), on a 2D
Cartesian grid.
Let the x-coordinate be the real part
and the y-coordinate the imaginary part
of a complex number.
P
y = A sin()
P
~ = x+iy
= A cos() + i A sin()
where i 1
x (Real)
Euler's Formula
exp(i) = cos() + i sin()
so the point, P
~ = A cos() + i A sin(), can be written:
P
= A exp(i)
~
where
A = Amplitude
= Phase
x
x2
x3
f ( x) f (0) f '(0)
f ''(0)
f '''(0) ...
1!
2!
3!
x x 2 x3 x 4
exp( x) 1 ...
1! 2! 3! 4!
x 2 x 4 x 6 x8
cos( x) 1 ...
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x3 x5 x 7 x9
sin( x) ...
1! 3! 5! 7! 9!
If we substitute x = i
into exp(x), then:
i 2 i 3 4
exp(i ) 1
...
1! 2! 3! 4!
3
2 4
1
... i
...
2! 4!
1! 3!
cos( ) i sin( )
exp(i ) 1
exp(i / 2) i
exp(-i ) cos( ) i sin( )
1
cos( ) exp(i ) exp( i )
2
1
sin( ) exp(i ) exp( i )
2i
A1exp(i1 ) A2exp(i 2 ) A1 A2 exp i(1 2 )
z = Re{ z } + i Im{ z }
Re{ z } = 1/2 ( z + z* )
Im{ z } = 1/2i ( z z* )
y (Imaginary)
x = A cos()
| z |2 = z z* = Re{ z }2 + Im{ z }2
y=A
sin()
x (Real)
But 1/ i i, so :
E (x,t) = A cos(kx t )
Since exp(i) = cos() + i sin(), E(x,t) can also be written:
E (x,t) = Re { A exp[i(kx t )] }
or
We often
write these
expressions
without the
, Re, or
+c.c.
E x, t A exp i kx t
%
E x, t A exp(i ) exp i kx t
%
where we've separated the constants from the rapidly changing stuff.
The resulting complex amplitude is:
E0 A exp(i )
%
So:
E x, t E0 exp i kx t
%
%
E2
E1
E3
E 1 E 2 E 3
x or t
2E
2E
2E
2E
2 0
2
2
2
x
y
z
t
r2
2E
E 2 0
t
r r
E ( x, y, z , t ) E0 exp[i (k r t )]
%
%
r
r
k k x , k y , k z r x, y , z
r r
k r kx x k y y kz z
k 2 k x2 k y2 k z2
r r
E0 exp[i (k r t )] is called a plane wave.
%
A plane waves contours of maximum field, called wave-fronts or
phase-fronts, are planes. They extend over all space.
Wave-fronts
are helpful
for drawing
pictures of
interfering
waves.
Usually, we just
draw lines; its
easier.
x 2 y 2
E ( x, y, z , t ) E0 exp
exp[i (kz t )]
2
%
%
w
w
x
y
Localized wave-fronts
Laser beam
spot on wall
exp(tt)
Laser pulses
t
t
x 2 y 2
t2
E ( x, y, z , t ) E0 exp 2 exp
exp[i (kz t )]
2
%
%
w
t
Longitudinal:
Transverse:
Vector fields
Light is a 3D vector field.
r r
A 3D vector field f (r )
r2 r
E
E
0
2
t
2
r r
r
r
E ( x, y, z , t ) E0 exp[i (k r t )]
%
%
r
r
k k x , k y , k z r x, y , z
r r
k r kx x k y y kz z
r
E0 ( E0 x , E0 y , E0 z )
% % % %
r r
r r
r
E r , t E0 exp i k r t
%
%
y-component
z-component
r
E0 (Re{Ex } i Im{Ex }, Re{E y } i Im{E y }, Re{Ez } i Im{E z })
%
Bright
Very dim
Very bright
Dim
When we detect very weak light, we find that its made up of particles.
We call them photons.
Photons
The energy of a single photon is: h or h = (h/2)
where h is Planck's constant, 6.626 x 10-34 Joule-sec.
One photon of visible light contains about 10-19 Joules, not much!.
is the photon flux, or
the number of photons/sec
in a beam.
= P / h
where P is the beam power.
Bose-Einstein
Poisson
If the atoms are excited and then emit light, the atomic beam spreads
much more than if the atoms are not excited and do not emit.
PhotonsRadiation Pressure
Photons have no mass and always travel at the speed of light.
The momentum of a single photon is: h/, or hk
Radiation pressure = Energy Density
(Force/Area = Energy/Volume)
Photons
"What is known of [photons] comes from observing the
results of their being created or annihilated."
Eugene Hecht