WRITING A RESEARCH

PAPER

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem,
Significance of the Study, Scope and Delimitation,
Definition of Terms Related Literature, Synthesis

Preliminaries to Writing a
Research Paper

A. Selecting a Topic
B. Narrowing a Topic
C. Formulating a Title
D. Formulating the Major Problem
E. Determining the Specific Problem
F. Surveying Related Literature

Research Title
embodies substantive words or

keywords or phrases that describe

the research study.
reflects the variable under the study
Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

factors or stimulus that factors affected or

directly affect or
changed by the the
causes changes to the
independent variable
dependent variable
simply the effect
simply the cause

Variables
Independent
Variable

Dependent
Variable

Emotional Responses
and Adaptation of
Parents to Childs
Illness

Childs Chronic
Illness

Emotional
responses and
Adaptation of
Parents

Performance
Improvement in
Higher Education:
Adapting a Model
from Health Care
Agencies

Adapting a
Model from
Healthcare
Agencies

Performance
Improvement in
Higher
Education

Title

Background of the Study

establishes the problem by describing

its nature, narrating its development,

occurrence and existence
situates the problem by describing the
setting where the problem is
conceived; refers to local setting
explains the rationale of the problem
by justifying the necessity for
conducting the study

Characteristics of a Research Problem

entails originality: new, novice, novel
is interesting
has significance, useful, relevant
is practical, reasonable cost,

attainable in terms of time

is measurable, tangible, observable,
existence in the real world

Stating the Research Problems

in an interrogative form

In this study, the researchers explored how

mothers of children aged 6 to 12 years old
with chronic illness view their experience
with the childs illness and its impact on
their personal and family life.

Stating the Research Problems

in an declarative form
Psychological stress experienced by the
elderly relates to some of their health
problems.
in an objective form

The purpose of this study is to determine the

effects of online gaming to teenagers
perspective about competition.

Stating the Specific Problems

in an interrogative form
What are the supervisors perceptions of
PBL graduates?
in an objective form

This study was undertaken to assess the

curriculum in terms of the achievement of its
objectives, curriculum, instruction, faculty
and administrative support.

Stating the Specific Problems

in an declarative form
The study determined problems met in the
implementation, relevance and impact on
the students preparation for professional
course and employment.

Topic:
Psychological Stress
Title:
Psychological Stress-Related
Health
Problems of Elderly in the Home for
the Aged
Statement of the Problem
This study intends to determine if psychological stress
experienced by the elderly relates to some of their health
problems.
1. What is the program of the institute for maintaining
the emotional stability of the elderly?
2. Which among the recreational activities greatly helps
the elderly stay in happy disposition?
3. Which among the health problems relate to
psychological stress.

Objectives of the Study

use illustrative verbs in formulating

research objectives
(define, identify, change, employ,
contrast, integrate, assess, evaluate)

formulate SMART objectives

Objectives of the Study

The goals of the researchers in conducting the
survey are:
to determine the psychological stress
experienced by the elderly and how it
accounts for some health problems
to become aware of the situation of the
elderly living in the Home for the Aged
to describe the living condition of the elderly
living under the care of the Home for the aged

Significance of the Study

identifies the people or institutions who will

benefit from the findings of the study

states the specific benefits which will be
gained from the result of the study
The study is particularly beneficial to the following:
DYCI students will find this study helpful because they
will have an easier way in taking their exams on-line.
DYCI faculty will have an easier way of checking
exams, besides assuring them that the questions and
answers are secured and save time which can be use
to do other academic duties.

Scope and Delimitation

Discusses the focus or concern of the

study in terms of the specific areas to be

included and to be given emphasis or
concentration
Delimitation refers to areas which the

researcher does not intend to to include in the

study
Limitation pertains to restrictions identified
that may affect the outcome of the study but
over which has little or no control.

Definition of Terms
provides precise meaning for terms used

in the study which are defined

operationally
Problem-Based Leaning is a processfocused type curriculum in which students
work in small groups on integrated clinical
problems presented in the form of trigger
materials on a sequence of patients.

Review of Related Literature

analyze sample literature review and

use it as a guide to develop a well

synthesized one
apply appropriate in-text citation
styles.
begins with a brief introduction
indicating previous studies which the
researcher surveyed and reviwed

Synthesis
defined as the conjunction of a

particular set of literature review

characteristics
states the gap being filled by the
study

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY
Research Design, Sampling Method/Respondents, data
Collection Method, Instrumentation, Statistical Analysis

Methodology
determine appropriate method of

research
present logical steps of data
collection
describe the possible respondents of
the study
design the instrument/s needed

Research Design
Descriptive Survey or Survey

Research is a simple design that

accounts for human activity
involves the presentation of series of
questions to which qualified
participants respond to
the summary of responses is used to
draw inferences about the research
prblem

Sampling Method
Probability Sampling used when the

randomly selected sample is truly a

representation of each segment of the
population
Non-Probability is used when the sample
cannot represent each element of the population
because of some constrains.
Probability Sampling

Non-Probability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Convenience Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Quota Sampling

Cluster Random Sampling

Purposive Sampling

Systematic Random Sampling

Snowball Sampling

Data Collection Methods

Observation
records events that has seen
focuses on respondents to capture
particular aspect of behavior
observer may or may not have a any
background

Data Collection Methods

Interview
asks a set of well constructed questions
and may even make a follow up
questions to gather necessary data
establishes rapport in a face to face
interview to yield high response rate
resorts to telephone interview when less
time and less expenses are being
considered

Data Collection Methods

Documentary Analysis
uses existing or available information
such as health records or reports and
other documents of organization or
institution
Survey Questionnaire
participants give their written responses
on the survey form

Data Collection Methods

Experimentation
conducts series of experiments in the actual

setting where the qualified respondents are

located
use series of experiments to ensure the validity
or reliability of data
seek consent of the qualified respondents for
ethical and legal purposes
employs experimentation for quantitative
research

Data Collection Methods

Observation
Interview
Documentary Analysis
Survey Questionnaire
Experimentation

Constructing Questionnaires
Use affirmative questions. Avoid using

NEVER, NO, and NOT.

Use neutral questions.
Use short, simple, clear language or words.
Avoid giving clues to derive preferred
answers.
Avoid two questions stated as one.
Base you questions on the research problems
Arrange your questions logically.