Gps 82

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS
Overview
Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002
Why GPS?
History of GPS
Satellites
Ground control
Measurements of distance
Precision timing
Satellite location
Sources of error
Mission planning
Attribute recording
Differential correction
Import into GIS
Navigation
Field Trip
intro_gis.ppt
Why GPS?
Plane surveying has not changed for many years

Same basic technology was used to create wonders of
the ancient world: Great Wall, Machu Picchu, Pyramids
Measurement of distances and angles
Use of ground control points
Specialized training and understanding
Careful & tedious work
Plane surveying: daytime only
Celestial navigation: night only
You may use this in research or work
intro_gis.ppt
History of GPS
Need for a more flexible tool

Faster tool (submarines)
Less user training
Potentially very accurate
(Used to measure plate tectonics, mountain building)
Location, navigation, data collection
Evolved from LORAN, SatNav, & other radio ranging
systems
Development of GPS & related systems from 1940s
through present
intro_gis.ppt
Satellites
Constellation of 24 satellites for full

GPS component
Expensive and advanced satellites
New satellites deployed as older satellites fail
Return interval 12 hours for each space vehicle (SV)
6 orbital planes (4 in each plane)
spaced 60 apart
5-8 SV visible at any time from
any point on Earth ellipsoid
GPS SV
intro_gis.ppt
Ground control
Control segment tracks satellites

Send corrected ephemeris & time offsets to SVs
SVs incorporate these updates in signals sent to
receivers
Stations located at AFBs:
Hawaii (E. Pacific)

Diego Garcia (Indian Ocean)
Kwajalein Atoll (W. Pacific)
Ascension Island (Atlantic)
Colorado Springs (N. America)
intro_gis.ppt
Measurements of distance: how it works
Satellites broadcast radio signals (EM

radiation)
Simple distance calculation
d=r*t
rate is known (speed of light)
time is known (difference between send &
receive)
distance is calculated
intro_gis.ppt
Measurements of distance: how it works
Distance measurement
start: 0.00 s
12,000
mi
end: 0.06 s
intro_gis.ppt
Satellite location
Given 1 satellite
intro_gis.ppt
Satellite location
We can locate our position on the surface of a

sphere
intro_gis.ppt
Satellite location
Given 2 satellites
intro_gis.ppt
10
Satellite location
We can locate our position on the intersection

of 2 spheres (a circle)
We can locate our position on the
intersection of 2 spheres (a
circle)
intro_gis.ppt
11
Satellite location
Given 3 satellites
intro_gis.ppt
12
Satellite location

of 3 spheres (2 points)
We can locate our position on the
intersection of 3 spheres (2
points)
intro_gis.ppt
13
Satellite location
Given 4 satellites
intro_gis.ppt
14
Satellite location

of 4 spheres (1 point)
intro_gis.ppt
15
Satellite location
The point should be located on the earths

surface
intro_gis.ppt
16
Satellite location
The precise location is determined
intro_gis.ppt
17
Precision timing
Distance calculation depends on accurate timing

Error of 1/1000 of a second = a positional error
of about 300,000 m
SVs contain atomic clocks, which are extremely
accurate
However, receivers do not contain clocks as
accurate as SVs
Receivers calculate correct time based on
multiple signals . . .
intro_gis.ppt
18
More on timing: Setting receiver clock
After the correct position is determined, the

receivers clock is adjusted
Adding or subtracting time will make the
location more or less precise
If the receivers clock is ahead, the position
will be over-estimated for each signal
intro_gis.ppt
19
More on timing
If the receivers clock is behind, the position

will be under-estimated for each signal
intro_gis.ppt
20
More on timing
If the receivers clock is correct, the position

will be properly estimated for each signal
intro_gis.ppt
21
More on timing
The receiver adds and subtracts time from

simultaneous equations until the only possible
(correct) position is located.
The receivers clock becomes virtually as
accurate as the atomic clocks in the SVs
intro_gis.ppt
22
Sources of error: Dilution of precision (DOP)
The best spread of satellites makes the best

trilateration
We want low DOP
Satellites that are close to each other result in higher
DOP:
HDOP: horizontal DOP

VDOP: vertical DOP
PDOP: positional DOP (combination of HDOP & VDOP)
TDOP: time DOP
GDOP: geometric DOP (combination of PDOP & TDOP)
intro_gis.ppt
23
Sources of error: Dilution of precision (DOP)
Wider spread gives better precision
intro_gis.ppt
24
Sources of error: Atmospheric effects
Light travels at 299,792,458 m/s only in a

vacuum
Ionospheric effects: ionizing radiation
Tropospheric effects: water vapor
Light is bent or reflected/refracted
intro_gis.ppt
25
Sources of error: Clock errors
Receiver clock errors, mostly corrected by

software in receiver
Satellite clock errors
Satellite time stamp errors
Time stamp errors are not correctable
SV timing & clocks are constantly monitored
and corrected
intro_gis.ppt
26
Sources of error: Receiver errors
Power interrupts
On-board microprocessor failure
Firmware
Software
Blunders (user error)
intro_gis.ppt
27
Sources of error: Selective availability (S/A), recently decommissioned
Clock timing error factor introduced by the DOD

Standard operation on the satellites.
S/A changes the time stamp of the outgoing signals
Calculated positions are erroneous
SA causes locations to be in error up to 100 m
Each satellite encrypts its own data separately
Encryption keys shift frequently
In the event of warfare, enemy forces cannot
use the same accuracy as the US armed forces
Military-grade have the ability to decrypt the time
dithering, which lowers error to about 15 m from ~100
m uncorrected
intro_gis.ppt
28
Sources of error: Landscape features
Natural & artificial features can intercept

signals
Mountains, valleys, hills, buildings, tree
canopies, etc.
intro_gis.ppt
29
Sources of error: Multipath errors
Natural & artificial features can reflect signals

Multiple ghost signals can confound timing
intro_gis.ppt
30
Mission planning
Preparing for a mission is a critical step

Knowledge of conditions can make or break
a mission
Before going into the field, check:
SV availability
PDOP
Landform masking
Data dictionary
intro_gis.ppt
31
Mission planning
SV Availability
intro_gis.ppt
32
Mission planning
PDOP
intro_gis.ppt
33
Mission planning
Landform masking
intro_gis.ppt
34
Mission planning
Landform masking
re-calculate #SVs &

PDOP calculations
better mission time
planning
intro_gis.ppt
35
Mission planning
Data dictionary creation
intro_gis.ppt
36
Mission planning
Data dictionary creation
intro_gis.ppt
37
Attribute recording
Data dictionary is uploaded to receiver

Attribute values can be attached to features are
they are captured
intro_gis.ppt
38
Selective availability and other factors degrade

accuracy
Time stamps on signals are altered, leading to
distance error
Accuracy is degraded from ~15 m (without
S/A) to ~100 m (with S/A)
S/A cannot be overridden (encrypted, US
military algorithm)
S/A can be corrected
intro_gis.ppt
39
Differential correction: Base stations
Establish a base station on a surveyed location

Calculated positions from signals received from GPS
satellites
Calculate the positional difference between surveyed
& GPS location
Add or subtract time from GPS signals in order to
make
surveyed & GPS locations match
Record time correction factor for each signal
Published time correction files are available on the
web
intro_gis.ppt
40
Download correction files from the web
intro_gis.ppt
41
Apply correction to create new (corrected) files
intro_gis.ppt
42
Import into GIS
Uncorrected data from 1999
intro_gis.ppt
43
Import into GIS
1999 data, differentially post-processed
intro_gis.ppt
44
Import into GIS
2000 data, differentially corrected in real time
intro_gis.ppt
45
Export from GPS software
Various different export formats
intro_gis.ppt
46
Navigation
Waypoints are created in GIS or surveyed in

field (either with traditional survey or GPS)
Waypoint coordinates are entered or uploaded
to data logger
GPS receiver directs navigation (bearing and
distance) to target
intro_gis.ppt
47
Field trip
Pre-planning
Data dictionary editing
Upload data dictionary
Waypoint creation/upload
Data collection
Navigation
Post-processing (differential correction)
Export from GPS software
Import to GIS software
intro_gis.ppt
48

Gps 82

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Gps 82

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Plane surveying has not changed for many years

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Need for a more flexible tool

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Constellation of 24 satellites for full

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Control segment tracks satellites

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

Hawaii (E. Pacific)

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Measurements of distance: how it works

Satellites broadcast radio signals (EM

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Measurements of distance: how it works

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

We can locate our position on the surface of a

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

We can locate our position on the intersection

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

We can locate our position on the intersection

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

We can locate our position on the intersection

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

The point should be located on the earths

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

The precise location is determined

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Distance calculation depends on accurate timing

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

More on timing: Setting receiver clock

After the correct position is determined, the

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

If the receivers clock is behind, the position

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

If the receivers clock is correct, the position

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

The receiver adds and subtracts time from

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS

Sources of error: Dilution of precision (DOP)

The best spread of satellites makes the best

Phil Hurvitz, 1999-2002