RESPONSIVE PARENTING

Responsive parents: are sensitive to childs needs and

meet them quickly
Unresponsive parents: attend to baby when they feel
like it, and ignore the baby at other times

ATTACHMENT
Secure attachment responsive parenting
Insecure attachment mothers who are
unresponsive/inconsistently responsive

TEMPERAMENT
Easy cheerful, relaxed, predictable in
feeding and sleeping
Difficult more irritable, intense and
unpredictable
Slow to warm up resist or withdraw
from new situations

THE CONTINUITY QUESTION

Do neglected children become unresponsive
parents?
The answer: its common but not
inevitable.
Can we tease out the temperament and parenting
styles?

PIAGETS STAGES OF COGNITIVE

(MEANS TO KNOW) DEVELOPMENT

Stages are sequential but are they stage-like as he suggested or are

they continuous?

Performance

Rate depends on maturation and experience

Continuity view

Discontinuity view
Age

PIAGETS STAGES OF COGNITIVE

DEVELOPMENT
Piaget proposed that
children move through
four stages.
Periods of time are
consistent in age and
developmental
sequence.

Age ranges are averages.

Some children are in transition
from one stage to the next.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Both photos: Courtesy of Judy DeLoache

Piaget believed that the driving force behind

intellectual development is our biological development
amidst experiences with the environment. Our
cognitive development is shaped by the errors we
make.

PIAGETS STAGES OF
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Themes of cognitive development

Schemas:
Assimilation:
Accommodation:

SCHEMAS
Schemas:
these are cognitive networks that contain our
associations with certain places, people, events,
or things

we may have a schema of what to do when

eating at a restaurant
We develop these schemas so that we have
familiarity with them and dont have to
encode this information EVERY time we come
into contact with them.

ASSIMILATION
This is which is how we use and adjust our
schemas
Assimilation is when individuals incorporate new
information into their existing knowledge
structure.
Infants trying to grab a book flat way will fail, and
thus, will enter new information with respect to
grasping into its grasping knowledge database.

ACCOMMODATION
This is where individuals adjust to new information
People accommodate their behavior to their
understanding of the environment (travelling if you
have ever been to a new culture or country, you
accommodate by taking in how the locals do something).
People will change behavior (I.e., accommodate) as a
function of information assimilation (we adapt to new
experiences).
The child will learn that they cant pick up the book
flatways (assimilation), but will accommodate by using a
new way to pick up the book.

STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR (0-2)

Child knows world mostly through motor schemes
Proof?
After sucking on one of these, babies looked longer at the
nipple they had felt in their mouth

STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR (0-2)

Child knows world mostly through motor schemes
Child is learning connections between sensations and motor
actions (sensorimotor)
Key development: Object Permanence
objects continue to exist even when not visible

STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL
(2-6)
Child is not logical
Key development: Egocentrism
incapable of seeing another
point of view

STAGE 3: CONCRETE
OPERATIONAL (7-11)
Thinks logically about concrete events
Key development: Conservation
objects stay the same even when their form changes

CONSERVATION

STAGE 4: FORMAL OPERATIONAL

(11-)
Able to reason and think logically
Key development:
reasoning
abstract thinking

WHO IS REALLY HOT?

VYGOTSKY!
The buzz words that people associate with him are zone
of proximal development meaning that when
people are learning they need to be challenged enough
that they will learn but they need enough prior learning
that they can attach the new material to.

Our textbook mentions his ideas about learning by

changing our internal speech.

KOHLBERGS
QUESTION ????
In Europe, a woman was near death from
cancer. One drug might save her, a form of
radium that a druggist in the same town had
recently discovered. The druggist was charging
$2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to
make. The sick womans husband, Heinz, went
to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but
could only get together about half of what it
cost. He told the druggist that his wife was
dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let
him pay later. But the druggist said, no The
husband later broke into the mans store to
steal the drug for his wife. (Kohlberg 1969)

MORAL DEVELOPMENT KOHLBERG

Preconventional
Stage 1: Punishment - Obedience
Do the right thing to
Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonistic
Do the right thing to

Conventional

Stage 3: Approval Disapproval

Do the right thing so as to be
Stage 4: Rule Following Law & Order
Do the right thing out of

Post-conventional

Stage 5: Social Contract

The needs of the group should come before individual
needs.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle
Self-determined moral ideas based on justice, dignity
and equality.

KOHLBERGS STAGES FILL

IN THE BLANKS
Postconventional
level

Conventional
level

Preconventional
level

Right vs wrong
is decided by
universal values
Right vs wrong
depends on following
rules and laws
Right vs wrong
depends on whether you get
punished or rewarded

JUSTICE OR CARING?
GILLIGAN

The Porcupine and the Moles

Seeking refuge from the cold, a porcupine asked

to share a cave for the winter with a family of
moles. The moles agreed. But because the cave
was small, they soon found they were being
scratched each time the porcupine moved about.
Finally, they asked the porcupine to leave. But
the porcupine refused, saying, If you moles are
not satisfied, I suggest that you leave.

Boys tended to. & girls tended to.

Boys Girls-

GILLIGANS MORAL STAGES

Gilligans theory of moral development includes 3 general
phases (stages) which humans can develop. They are:

morality as
morality as
morality as
Gilligans theory is often considered to be a feminist view of
moral development.

ERIKSONS STAGES OF
Trust vs. mistrust
DEVELOPMENT

Birth to 1 year
Treatment by caregivers creates trust in a good world

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

1 to 2 years
Child is allowed to make independent decisions or is made to feel
ashamed/full of doubt about own decisions

Initiative vs. guilt

3 to 6 years
Child either develops own purpose/direction or is made to feel
guilty by overly controlling caregivers

ERIKSONS STAGES OF
Industry vs. inferiority
DEVELOPMENT

6 to 11 years
Child either feels competent working with others or inferior

Identity vs. role confusion

Adolescence
Adolescent either grasps sense of identity or becomes confused
about possible future roles as adult

Intimacy vs. isolation

Young adulthood (ages 20 to 40)
Forming deep/intimate relationships with others or becoming
socially isolated

ERIKSONS STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
Generativity vs. self-absorption/stagnation
Middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65)
Generativity refers to contributing to the welfare of a new
generation at work, home or in the community
Determining what to leave behind for future generations or failing
to grasp a sense of meaning in life

Integrity vs. despair

Late adulthood (ages 65 and up)
Feeling that life was worthwhile or feeling despair about ones life
and fearing death

 1.

ERIKSONS PERSONALITY
STAGES
According to Erikson, most adolescents are in a stage
labeled

2. What does Erikson mean by generativity?

3. During which stage does a child learn self-assertion?

 4.

ERIKSONS PERSONALITY
STAGES
At what age do most children begin to take pride in
their own competence?

5. What did Erikson mean by isolation?

6. What is the positive outcome of the stage that Erikson

calls TRUST vs. MISTRUST?

ERIKSONS PERSONALITY
STAGES
According to Erikson, what are the challenges

7.
that a
young adult must face? Do you agree with
Eriksons
assessement?