Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 4
Cellular Metabolism
Cellular
Energy
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Energy
The
ultimate source
of energy for most
living things is the
sun.
Laws of Thermodynamics
First
Free Energy
Free
Some
Enzymes
Bonds
Enzymes
Catalysts
Enzymes
Enzymes
reduce the
amount of activation
energy required for a
reaction to proceed.
Enzymes
are not
used up or altered.
Products are not
altered.
Energy released is
the same.
Enzymes
Enzymes
Enzyme Function
An
Enzyme Specificity
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Enzyme-catalyzed
reversible.
reactions are
Indicated
tend to be catalyzed by
different enzymes for each direction.
Catabolic
Importance of ATP
Endergonic
proceed.
Coupling an energy-requiring reaction
with an energy-yielding reaction can
drive endergonic reactions.
ATP is the most common intermediate in
coupled reactions.
Importance of ATP
ATP
consists of
adenosine (adenine
+ ribose) and a
triphosphate group.
The
bonds between
the phosphate
groups are high
energy bonds.
A-P~P~P
Importance of ATP
Phosphates
have
negative charges.
Takes
lots of energy
to hold 3 in a row!
Ready to spring
apart.
So, ATP is very
reactive.
Importance of ATP
A coupled
reaction
is a system of two
reactions linked by an
energy shuttle ATP.
Substrate B is a fuel
like glucose or lipid.
ATP is not a
storehouse of energy
used as soon as its
available.
Redox Reactions
Redox
One
Energy
Cellular Respiration
Cellular
Cellular Respiration
Aerobic
versus Anaerobic
Metabolism
Heterotrophs
Aerobes:
Cellular Respiration
When
Aerobic Respiration
In
is required!
Glucose is completely oxidized.
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (heat
or ATP)
Glucose
Oxygen Carbon
Water
Dioxide
Occurs in cytoplasm
Doesnt require O2
Only in mitochondria
More powerful
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
respiration.
A
Glycolysis
Uses 2 ATPs
Glycolysis
Summary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GTjQTqUuOw&list=FL9N_Px072WuVorSwDfqf-9w&index=4&feature=plpp
Producing Acetyl-CoA
2 NADH produced.
More electrons are extracted and the original 4carbon material is regenerated.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cDFYXc9Wko
Building an Electrochemical
Gradient
In
gradient with
many protons outside
the matrix and few
inside is set up.
Protons are driven back
into the matrix.
They
must pass
through special
channels that will drive
synthesis of ATP.
Oxidative
phosphorylation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN5MtqAB_Yc&list=FL9N_Px072WuVorSwDfqf-9w&index=2&feature=plpp
activates 3 pumps.
FADH2 activates 2 pumps.
The
ATP production = 4
Fermentation
In
Pyruvate
Fermentation 2 Types
Reversible when
oxygen becomes
available.
Muscle fatigue
Yeasts, single-celled
fungi, produce ethanol.
Metabolism of Lipids
Metabolism of Proteins
Proteins
skeletons oxidized.
Metabolism of Proteins
Ammonia
is highly
toxic, but soluble.
Can
be excreted
by aquatic
organisms as
ammonia.
Terrestrial
organisms must
detoxify it first.
catalyst.
or decreases effectiveness as