Presenting Data in

Descriptive
Charts
Statistics
22.10.10

Piotr Bartenbach
Bartomiej Staszczyk

Types of charts in our

presentation

Steam and Leaf Display

Histogram
Polygon
The Pareto Diagram
Pie-chart

Stem and Leaf Display

The Stem and Leaf Display is
evaluable tool for organizing a set of
data and understanding how the
values distribute and cluster over the
range of the observations in the set of
data.
The first column of numbers is the
stem (leading digits of the data) and
the leaves (trailing digits) branch out
to the right of this numbers

Stem and Leaf Display

Stem and Leaf Display

Here we have an ordered array of
Forbes Top 30 Worlds Billionaires List:
53.5 53.0 47.0 29.0 28.7 28.0 27.5
27.0 25.0 23.5 23.0 22.5 22.4 21.0
20.7 20.6 20.0 19.8
19.4 19.0 18.7 18.5 18.0 17.5 17.5
17.5 17.5 17.0 17.0 17.0
Lets convert it to the Steam and Leaf
display.

Stem and Leaf Display

Stem and Leaf Display

Stem and Leaf Displays are useful for
displaying the relative density and
shape of the data, giving the reader
a quick overview of distribution.
They are also useful for highlighting
outliers and finding the mode.
The main disadvantage of this
method of presenting data is that it
can show only moderately sized data
sets.

Histogram
The histogram is a summary graph
showing a count of the data points
falling in various ranges. The effect is a
rough approximation of the frequency
distribution of the data.
The groups of data are called
classes, and in the context of a
histogram they are known as bins,
because one can think of them as
containers that accumulate data and
"fill up" at a rate equal to the

An example of a histogram:

Histogram
Histogram is very popular in
presenting data related to quality
processes as it shows the
arrangement of a particular feature.
Mathematical definition for a
Histogram:
Where:
n is total number of observations
k is total number of bins

Polygon
The percentage polygon is formed
by having the midpoint of each class
represent the data in that class and
then connecting the sequence of
midpoints at their respective class
percentages.

Polygon
Basing on following data about
unemployment in accordance to the level of
education (three levels: Primary, Secondary
and Tertiary) in Poland:
2005: Primary 28,6%, Secondary 20,3%, Tertiary
7,2%
2007: Primary 15,7%, Secondary 10,3%, Tertiary
4,6%
We can create two simple Polygons that will show us
how the unemployment changes in time.

Polygon
Percentage of unemployed people in Poland

Unemployment in Poland
according to the level of education
35%
30%

28.6%

25%
20%

20.3%

15% 15.7%
10%

10.3%
7.2%
4.6%

5%
0%

Primary

2007
2004

Secondary

Tertiary

The Pareto Diagram

The Pareto Diagram is a special type
of vertical bar chart in which the
categorized responses are ploted in
the descending rank order of their
frequencies and combined with a
cumulative polygon on the same scale
The Pareto Diagram is widely used in
the statistical control of process and
product quality.

The Pareto Diagram

We have following data:
Population in EU countries in 2007 year. (in thousands)
Germany 82218
UK 61186
France 63753
Italy 59619
Poland 38116
Spain 45283
The Netherlands - 16405
Romania 21529
Other 109298
To create the Pareto Diagram, we have to arrange the data in a
descending rank. As it was said earlier, the Polygon in the
Pareto Diagram will show the cumulative value and at the end,
it must adds to 100%.

The Pareto Diagram

120000

100.0%
90.0%

100000

80.0%
70.0%

Population
in thousands
80000

60.0%
60000

50.0%
40.0%

40000

30.0%
20.0%

20000

10.0%
0

0.0%

Population in thousands

% of population in the EU

The Pie Chart

The Pie Chart is based on the fact,
that the circle has 360. The Pie is
devided into slices according to the
percentage in each category.
Here, using the same data as in the
Pareto Diagram and thanks to the Pie
Chart, we will see a percentage
distribution in population of EU
countries.

Pie-chart
% Population in EU Countries

8%

4% 3%

22%

9%
17%

12%
12%

13%

Other
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Spain
Poland
Romania
The Netherlands