The human SEXUALITY

meneral Over View

u 1. The ultimate goal of human reproduction is

the propagation and survival of the human
species.
u 2. Human reproduction involves specialized sex
cells called gametes:
u a. a female gamete is called an ovum (pl. ova)
u b. a male gamete is called a sperm
u 3. Each gamete has one-half of the parent cell¶s
chromosomes (i.e. one of each chromosome
pair or 23 of the 46 chromosomes).
Ê Ê

The first effect of male sexual
stimulation, and is brought
about by parasympathetic
impulses which causing
dilation of penile arteries,
which results in compression
of the exiting veins. Increased
blood supply that is under high
pressure and inability to leave
the area results in filling of the
venous spaces and erection of
the organ.



u conception can occur

only inside a woman's
body. Here then is the
place where sperm and
egg have to meet. Their
meeting is usually
brought about as a
result of coitus. This
Latin term (literally,
going together) refers to
the kind of sexual
intercourse in which the
penis is inserted into
the vagina. Other words
for coitus are copulation
or vaginal intercourse.
Ê
L TION
Is the discharge of semen to the exterior; initiated by the
peristaltic waves moving along the tubes leading from
testes and by rhythmical contractions of the smooth muscle
layers of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and
prostate gland. Increased pressure in all these structures
causes expulsion of the semen.

SÊ
ÊN
Is the fluid that is ejaculated during the male sexual act.
It is a grayish-white viscid liquid that contains 200million
to 500million spermatozoa per ml. t each ejaculation,
2-5 ml of semen are usually expressed through the
urethra.

LÊ FÊTILITY
pproximately 200-500
million of spermatozoa are
contained in each ml of
ejaculated semen. These
are highly uniform in shape
& size, w/ occasional
sperm having 2 heads or
tails. When the percentage
of the abnormal
spermatozoa is greater
than 25%, or the sperm
count is less than 20
million, fertility is greatly
decreased.
FÊ
LÊ FÊTILITY
The ovum is capable of being fertilized for only a
short period, about 24 hours. Sperm can remain
viable within 72 hours, therefore, the period of
possible conception is only for a few days, if the
time of ovulation is known. Ovulation is thought
to occur 14 days prior to menstruation.

   


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u Increased estrogen during
ovulation facilitates
fertilization by increasing
peristalsis within the fallopian
tubes
u High estrogen causes also
thinning of cervical mucus,
easing passage of sperm
through the cervix, into the
uterus and into the fallopian
tube
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 Factors ffecting Labor(5 Ps)
u 1.Š

 - the size, presentation,and

position of the fetus.
u 2. Š


 shape and measurement

of maternal pelvis.
u . Š
- forces of labor, acting in concert,
to expel the fetus and placenta.
u 4. Š   position of placenta
u 5. Š

 

 - woman who is
relaxed, aware, and participating in the birth
usually has a shorter, less intense labor.

#C::6?D6



u  This refers to the
posturing of the joints and
relation of fetal parts to one
another. The normal fetal attitude
when labor begins is with all
joints in flexion.

u  relationship of fetal spine to

maternal spine (i.e., transverse,
oblique, or longitudinal (parallel).

u Š
 This describes
the part on the fetus lying over
the inlet of the pelvic or at the
cervical os.
 

Š
 
1.
ephalic = head, Vertex(occiput) most
favorable
2. Breech (buttocks) or (lower extremities)
a. : thighs flexed, legs extended on
anterior surface, buttocks presenting
b 
ŠÊÊ: thighs and legs
flexed,buttocks and feet presenting
(squatting)
c. : one or both feet are presenting
. Shoulder (Scapula).
S
Š relationship of referance point on fetal presenting
part to maternal bony pelvis.
aternal bony pelvis divided
into 4 quadrants ( and L anterior,  and L posterior)
2.) P SS ÊW Y
= shape and measurement of maternal pelvis
and distensibility of birth canal.
False Pelvis
u Shallow upper basin
of the pelvis
u Supports the
enlarging uterus
True Pelvis
u
onsists of the
pelvic inlet, pelvic
cavity, and pelvic
outlet.
u Influence the
conduct and
progress of labor
and delivery
uÊ  This occurs when the biparietal
diameter is at or below the inlet of the true
pelvis.
u This references the presenting part to
the level of the ischial spines measured in + or -
centimeters.
 .) POWÊ

u
ajor forces: Involuntary and voluntary

u Involuntary: includes frequency,
regularity, intensity and duration.
u Voluntary: bearing-down efforts. The
contraction of levator ani muscles.
A  
4
#<CÄ6?@C

C
 
 5.) PSY
HOLOI
L
ÊSPONSÊ
The woman feels confident in her ability to cope
and find ways to work with the contractions, the
labor process is enhanced.

However, if the laboring woman becomes fearful

or has intense pain, she may become tense and
fight the contractions.

 This situation often becomes a cycle of fear,

tension, and pain that interferes with the progress of
labor.