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FLUID MECHANICS
FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 2
FLUID STATICS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Define and derive the Pascals law.
Distinguish between gauge, absolute and atmospheric
pressure.
Calculate the fluid pressure under different condition.
PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a
fluid per unit area.
Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called a Pascal
(Pa).
Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures
encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa = 103 Pa)
and megapascal (1 MPa = 106 Pa) are commonly used.
Other units include bar, atm, kg/cm2, lbf/in2=psi.
px y z
px y z
PRESSURE IN HORIZONTAL
DIRECTION
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Defined as the force per unit area exerted against a
surface by the weight of air above that surface at any
given point in the Earth's atmosphere
Important to measure the atmospheric pressure as it
affects the measurement of pressure in fluids
Atmospheric pressure is taken as 1 bar = 100kPa
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
Pabs = gh + Patm
Always positive
GAUGE PRESSURE
EXERCISE 1:
Determine the gauge & absolute pressure at a depth
of 10 m in a tank filled with water. The atmospheric
pressure is 100 kN/m2 .
Solution:
Pgauge = gh = 1000 x 9.81 x 10
= 98.1 kN/m2
Pabs = gh + Patm = 98.1 +100 = 198.1 kN/m2
= 198.1 kPa
PRESSURE HEAD
The gauge pressure at any point in a static liquid of
constant density can be measured by the depth, h, of a
column of the fluid that would produce the pressure
p = gh
The pressure head is given by:
h = p/g
Unit for h is m, mm or cm
Pressure head should be stated with the density of the
fluid given
EXERCISE 2:
Determine the pressure at a point in a liquid if the
head is 60mm of mercury. (SGmercury = 13.6)
Solution:
p = gh
= 13600 x 9.81 x 0.06 = 8005 Pa
= 8.005 kPa
EXERCISE 3:
A container is filled with oil of specific gravity 0.85.
Determine the pressure at a depth of 2.5m. What is
the head in m of water?
Solution:
P = oil gh = (0.85 x 1000) x 9.81 x 2.5
= 20850 Pa = 20.85kPa
The head in mm of water is given by:
h = p/wg
= 20850/(1000x9.81) = 2.125 m of water
Evangelista
Torricelli (16081647)
Disadvantages:
1.
2.
3.
EXERCISE 4:
What is the maximum gauge pressure of water that can be measured
by a Piezometer of height 1.5m?
And if the liquid had a relative density of 8.5 what would the
maximum measurable gauge pressure?
Solutions
The maximum measurable pressure is when the tube
is completely full (h=1.5m). Any higher and the tube will overflow.
pgauge = gh
= water x relative density
p = (8.5 x 1000) x 9.81 x 1.5
p = 12 508 N/m2 (or Pa)
p = 12.5 kN/m2 (or kPa)
2. U-TUBE MANOMETER
CHOICE OF U-TUBE
MANOMETER
Advantages of manometers:
Disadvantages of manometers:
Slow response - only really useful for very slowly varying pressures - no use at
all for fluctuating pressures.
For the U-tube manometer two measurements must be taken simultaneously
to get the h value. This may be avoided by using a tube with a much larger
cross-sectional area on one side of the manometer than the other.
In the U-tube manometer, the application of pressure causes the liquid in one
tube to go down while hat in the other tube goes up, so there is no fixed
reference. This tends to make the measurement of the height more difficult
and it would be if one surface could be maintained at some fixed level.
It is often difficult to measure small variations in pressure, a different
manometric fluid may be required - alternatively a sloping manometer may
be employed. It cannot be used for very large pressures unless several
manometers are connected in series.
EXERCISE 5:
Using a u-tube manometer to measure gauge pressure of fluid density = 700 kg/m3,
and the manometric fluid is mercury, with a relative density of 13.6.
What is the gauge pressure if:
a)
b)
Solution:
pB = pC
pB = pA + gh1
pB = pAtmospheric + man gh2
We are measuring gauge pressure so patmospheric = 0
pA = man gh2 - gh1
a) pA = 13.6 x 103 x 9.81 x 0.9 - 700 x 9.81 x 0.4
= 117 327 N/m2, 117.3 kN/m2 (1.17 bar)
b) pA = 13.6 x 103 x 9.81 x (-0.1) - 700 x 9.81 x 0.4
= -16 088.4 N/m2, -16 kN/m2 (-0.16 bar)
The negative sign indicates that the pressure is below atmospheric
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
MEASUREMENT
USING A U-TUBE MANOMETER
EXERCISE 6:
In the figure below two pipes containing the same fluid of density = 990
kg/m3 are connected using a u-tube manometer.
What is the pressure between the two pipes if the manometer contains fluid
of relative density 13.6?
Solution:
pC = pD
pC = pA + g hA
pD = pB + g (hB - h) + man g h
pA - pB = g (hB - hA) + hg(man - )
= 990 x9.81x(0.75-1.5) + 0.5x9.81 x(13.6-0.99) x 103
= -7284 + 61852
= 54 568 N/m2 (or Pa or 0.55 bar)
INCLINED MANOMETER
This type of manometer is used to measure small pressure changes