Sistem endomembran

Suyasning HI

Tujuan pembelajaran
The structure and function of the
endomembrane system.
How different cell types show
differences in subcellular
components.
As you are learning about cells,
consider what cell features might be
present in abundance or absent in

Proteins Route

Concept 4.4: The endomembrane system

regulates protein traffic and performs
metabolic functions in the cell

Components of the endomembrane

system
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

These components are either

continuous or connected through
transfer by vesicles
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic

Factory

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

accounts for more than half of the
total membrane in many eukaryotic
cells
The ER membrane is continuous
with the nuclear envelope
There are two distinct regions of ER
Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes
Rough ER: surface is studded with
ribosomes
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Fungsi ER smooth
Mesintese lemak termasuk,

How the endoplasmic

reticulum probably came to
be

Figure 4.10

Smooth ER

Smooth ER
Rough
ER

Nuclear
envelope

ER lumen
Cisternae
Ribosomes
Transport vesicle

Transitional
ER

Rough ER

0.2 m

Functions of Rough ER
The rough ER
Proteins destined for secretion outside of the
cell or insertion into cell membranes are
processed in the rough ER. (Proteins that
stay in the cytosol are not modified by the
rough ER.)
Makes glycoproteins (proteins covalently
bonded to carbohydrates)
Proteins modified in the rough ER and
distributed in transport vesicles.
The rough ER also assembles phospholipids
from precursors in the cytosol.
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

What type of cells would

have a lot of rough ER?
Cells that produce products for
secretion.
For example, pancreatic cells
which produce the protein
insulin.

Functions of Smooth ER

The smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids including oils,
phospholipids and steroids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Stores calcium ions

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

What type of cells would

have a lot of smooth ER?
Cells that detoxify drugs ex,
liver
Cells that produce lots of lipids.
For example, the testes and ovaries
which produce the steroids
testosterone and estrogen.

The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and

Receiving Center
The Golgi apparatus consists of
flattened membranous sacs called
cisternae
Functions of the Golgi apparatus
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
(especially polysaccharides)
Sorts and packages materials into
transport vesicles
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 4.11

Golgi
apparatus
0.1 m
cis face
(receiving side of
Golgi apparatus)

Cisternae

trans face
(shipping
side of Golgi
apparatus)

TEM of Golgi apparatus

Image of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

(1) Nucleus. (2) Nuclear pore. (3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). (4) Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (SER). (5) Ribosome on the rough ER. (6) Proteins that are
transported. (7) Transport vesicle. (8) Golgi apparatus. (9) Cis face of the Golgi
apparatus. (10) Trans face of the Golgi apparatus. (11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.

2.1 The structure of Golgi complex

The Golgi complex consists of

a stack of flattened vesicles
and tubules.
The Golgi apparatus has two
distinct faces:
a cis ,or forming face
a trans,or maturing face

2.2 The polarity of Golgi complex

The Golgi complex is
compartmentalized.
Phosphorylation occurs in the Cis
region. In other regions, different
types of carbohydrates are added
as a glycoprotein passes through
the cisternae. This figure
illustrates the different regions
where sugars like mannose
galactose , etc are added. The final
sorting is done in the Trans Golgi
complex. So it is called the
polarity organelle

Fungsi badan Golgi

1. Membentuk vesikula untuk sekresi
2. Membentuk membran plasma ; membran Golgi
sama dengan membran plasma
3. Membentuk didnding sel
4. Tempat untuk memodifikasi protein
5. Untuk menyortir dan memaket molekulmolekul untuk sekresi sel
6. Untuk membentuk lisosom
7. Fungsi lain adalah dapat membentuk akrosom
pada spermatozoa yang berisi enzim untuk
memecah dinding sel telur dan pembentukan
lisosom

Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments

A lysosome is a membranous sac of

hydrolytic enzymes that can digest
macromolecules
Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins,
fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
Lysosomal enzymes work best in the acidic
environment inside the lysosome

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance

Compartments

Vacuoles are large vesicles

derived from the endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi apparatus

2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 4.12

Lysosome
Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Digestion

Vesicle
Lysosomes: Autophagy
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome
Plasma
membrane

Digestion
Food vacuole

Lysosomes: Phagocytosis

Figure 4.15-2

Nucleus

Rough ER
Smooth ER
cis Golgi

trans Golgi

Plasma
membrane

Figure 4.15-3

Nucleus

Rough ER
Smooth ER
cis Golgi

trans Golgi

Plasma
membrane

Gaucher Disease (this is a

hereditary disease)
Symptoms
Distended
abdomen
Bone pain
Anemia
Cognitive
impairment

 White blood cells have a type of

lipid called glucocerebroside in
their cell membranes.
(Glucocerebroside is involved in
cell to cell signaling.)

Judging by the name, what type of

molecule is attached to the lipid?

 When the white blood cells are worn out,

they get eaten by macrophages (another
type of cell) and digested by the enzyme
glucocerebrosidease in the lysosome.

White blood
cells

Gaucher Disease
The macrophages have a defective
glucocerebrosidease enzyme so the
glucocerebroside just builds up in the
lysosome. The build-up causes the symptoms
of the disease.

White blood
cells

 Trace the path for synthesizing the protein

glucocerebrosidease. (Start with DNA)

Trace the path for synthesizing the lipid

glucocerebroside. (Synthesis of the lipid
part starts in the smooth ER)
Explain the digestion of glucocerebroside
by glucocerebrosidease.

Note: You will not be expected to

remember the specifics of Gaucher
disease on a test, but you may be asked
about other lysosomal storage disorders.

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes
Contain oxidases enzymes that
generate hydrogen peroxide
Large amounts of catalase degrades
hydrogen peroxide to water and
oxygen
Oxidation is NOT linked to ATP
generation
Produce acetyl groups that are used in
the production of cholesterol and
biosynthetic molecules in animal cells
Also degrade toxins produced by liver,
kidney cells, etc.

Peroxisomes

Peroxisome-assembly related
diseases
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
(ADL)
Defective oxidation of very long chain
fatty acids
ADL gene encodes the peroxisomal
membrane protein that transports an
oxidative enzyme into the peroxisomes
Effects are evident in mid-childhood:
severe neurological disorders followed
by death within a few years

35

THANK YOU
E.
A.
B.

F.
G
.

D
.

C.

A. Lysosome
B. Vesicle
C. Golgi
Apparatus
D. Rough ER
E. Ribosomes
F. Nucleus
G. Smooth ER