More Control Charts

Module 6

Why?
There are many probability
distributions in our world

The Binomial Distribution,

The distribution of coin tosses.

Two types of data

Variables----Continuous
AttributesDiscrete, Countable
Two types of attributes data
You can count occurrences and non-occurrences.
You can only count occurences.

Examples?????

Some Variables Shewart Charts

X-mR aka i-Chart, Individuals Chart
X-bar-range
X-bar-sigma

Some Attributes Shewart Charts

p-Chart
np-Chart
u-Chart
c-Chart

Decide on
type of data
Continuo
us
(Variables
)
Data

Ye
s

Ye
s

More than one

observation per
subgroup?

< 10
observations
per
subgroup?

Discrete
(Attributes)
Data

No

No

No

Ye
s

XmR

Are there
equal area
of
opportunity
?

c-chart

Can both
occurrences &
nonoccurrences be
counted?
No

No

Ye
s

Are the
subgroup
sizes
equal?

u-chart p-chart

Ye
s

np-chart

Example Individuals Chart

Example X-Range Chart

Example X-Sigma Chart

How did they do that?

The basic pattern.

Plot observed measurements over time.
Measurements, counts, rates

Plot Centerline
Average measurement or count, pooled rate.

Plot Control Limits

Centerline +/- Multiplier X Standard Deviation

Multiplier does 3 Things

Determines the number of sigmas
usually 3

Converts standard deviations to standard

errors (variables data).
Can include factor to adjust for unusually
small or large number of subgroups or
time intervals.
Note: How multiplier is constructed and used varies by author.

Standard Deviation
Based on sample estimate of population
standard deviation.
Based on moving ranges.
Based on ranges.

The i-Chart or XmR Chart

Calculate average of all individual values = x
Calculate all the moving ranges (MRi)
MRi = |xi-xi-1|
Calculate the average MR = Rbar
Calculate control limits = xbar +/- 2.66Rbar
Plot xbar
Plot control limits
Plot individual values, points

The Xbar-Range Chart

The Xbar-Sigma Chart

The Xbar-Sigma Chart (Part II)

Is 3 always OK?

Notice 3 is multiplied by the SD.

This gives +/- 3 Sigma Control Limits.
Designed for 25 observations.
When you have only 7 observations
risk is too high

When you have 200 observations

risk is too high

Can use T-Sigma Limits

T-Sigma Limits
No. of Plotted Points

1.5

3-4

2.0

5-9

2.5

10-34

3.0

35-199

3.5

200-1500

4.0

How to use T-Sigma Limits

Substitute the T-Sigma limit from the table
for the 3 in A3, B3, and B4 above.
For attributes charts, simply substitute the
T-Sigma Limits for the multiplier in front of
the standard error.

The attributes Shewart Charts

p-Chart
np-Chart
u-Chart
c-Chart

Example p-Chart

Example np-Chart

Example u-Chart

Example c-Chart

How did they do that?

The p-Chart

The np-Chart

Pooled over
all subgroups

The c-Chart

The u-Chart

Choosing Charts
1. Continuous
A. Only 1 observation per subgroupuse iChart
B. More than 1 observation/subgroup
i) Less than 10 observations/subgroupuse Xbar-R
ii) 10 or more observations/subgroup--use Xbar-Sigma

2. Attributes
A. Occurrences (heads) and non-occurrences (tails) can
be counted.
i) Subgroups of equal sizeuse np-Chart
Ii) Subgroups of unequal sizeuse p-Chart

B. Only occurrences can be counted.

i) Equal area of opportunity (denominators)use c-Chart
ii) Unequal area of opportunity use u-Chart

See Flow Chart on

page 72 of Carey
and Lloyd

Decide on
type of data
Continu
ous
(Variabl
es)
Data

Discrete
(Attribute
s) Data

Ye More than one No

s
observation
per subgroup?
Ye
s

< 10
observatio
ns per
subgroup?

No

No

Ye
s

XmR

Are there
equal
area of
opportuni
ty?

c-chart

Can both
occurrences
& nonoccurrences
be counted?
No

No

Ye
s

Are the
subgrou
p sizes
equal?

u-chart p-chart

Ye
s

np-chart