Electrical Engineering Department

Network Analysis II
ENEE 335
3 Credit Hours
Second Semester 2014

Instructor : Dr. Atheer Barghouthi

Date
: 24.02.2014

10/27/16

Dr. A. Barghouthi

Network Analysis II
Motivation:
What is Engineering?
Creativity in applying scientific theories and principles in creating and designing
practical systems with certain specifications for different puposes. Additionally, to
be able to predict the system behaviour. Systems like, machines, buildings,
devices, materials, and manufacturing processes, etc ...
What is Electrical Engineering?
Applying electric theories and principles to design electrical systems, such as,
communication systems, computer systems, power systems, etc and the
analysis of systems to predicts their behavior.
Knowledge of electrical elements and electrical
theories is indispensable for electrical engineers

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Dr. A. Barghouthi

Network Analysis II
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
To be able to apply the linear network analysis methods in the Laplace domain,
(mesh analysis, node analysis, and network theorems and circuits transformation).
To be able to apply the circuit synthesis methods in the implementation of LTI
systems (transfer functions).
To understand two ports elements representation.
To be able to solve circuits with two ports elements
To be able to determine and analyze the frequency response of the systems
To be able to analyze different types of analog filters (active and passive).
To be able to design and implement different types of analog filters
To understand the graph representation of electric networks
To apply the graph theory concepts in solving electric networks
To be able to use CAD tools (ORCAD , MATLAB) in simulating and
synthesizing electric networks
To acquire interaction and communication skills

10/27/16

Dr. A. Barghouthi & Mr. M. Al-jubeh

Network Analysis II
Review for Netork Analysis I

Ref. node: can be chosen as node 3

Nodes 1, 2 and 3 are essential nodes
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Dr. A. Barghouthi

Network Analysis II
Definitions:
Electrical Network: An interconnection of two or more simple circuit elements
Electrical Circuit : An electrical network which has at least one closed path
Component: a device with two terminals
Node : is a point where the terminals of two or more components are joined.
Essential node: : is a point where the terminals of more than two components are joined.
Branch: the component or components connecting two nodes
Essential branch: a path between two essential nodes without passing through an essential node
Loop: is a closed path that begins at a component and ends at that same component
Mesh : a loop that contains no other loops within
Port : Two terminals where the current into one is identical to the current out of the other
Ref. node: a node which is assumed to be at zero potential
(normally chosen as the node where the largest number of terminals is connected)
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Network Analysis II
Review for Capacitors and Inductors:
Inductors

Capacitors

I C (t ) C

dVC
dt

VL (t ) L
t

dI L
dt

1
VC (t ) VC (0 ) I C ( ) d
C 0

1
I L (t ) I L (0 ) VL ( ) d
C 0

VC (t ) is continuous (cannot jump)

I L (t ) is continuous (cannot jump)

I C (t ) is not continuous (can jump)

VC (0 ) VC (0 )

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Dr. A. Barghouthi

VL (t ) is not continuous (can jump)

I L (0 ) I L (0 )

Network Analysis II
Power and energy relations for R, L, & C:
Instantaneous power:

energy:

Resistors:

Resistors (consumed):

V 2 (t )
P (t )
RI 2 (t )
R

V 2 ( )
E (t ) P( )d
d RI 2 ( )d
R
0
0
0

Inductors:

Inductors(stored in the H field):

dI
VL (t ) I L (t ) L L I L (t )
dt
Capacitors:

dV
VC (t ) I C (t ) C C VC (t )
dt

E (t ) VL ( ) I L ( )d
0

I L (t )

LdI L ' (t ) I L ' (t )

1
LI L 2 (t )
2

Capacitors(stored in the E field):

t

VC ( t )

E (t ) VC ( ) I C ( )d

Average power
T
T : is the time period for
1
P(t ) V (t ) I (t )dt which the average is to
T0
be calculated

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Dr. A. Barghouthi

1
CdVC ' (t )V 'C (t ) CVC 2 (t )
2

Note: the value of the average

power of capacitors and inductors
over the period of the power signal
is zero (only stores), where as, for
resistors is positive (consumes)
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Network Analysis II
First Order Linear Circuits:
Basic Circuits (any first order with capacitors and resistors and independent
sources can be simplified to the given circuit):
dVC
dV
V
V
VC VS C C S
dt
dt
RC RC
1
a
, V() VS , V(0) V0
RC
V (t ) VS (V0 VS )e( t RC )
RC

Step or forced response of a circuit: if the circuit when in state 2 contains DC

independent sources the circuit response to the independent sources neglecting the
initial condition on the capacitor or inductor is called step or forced response.

V (t ) VS (1 e( t RC ) )

Time constant of a circuit is the time it takes the step response of a circuit
to charge to 0.63 of the final value of voltage or current.

Requ Cequ
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Network Analysis II
First Order Linear Circuits:
Time Constant :
It can be assumed that after 5
the capacitor is fully charged and
is at steady state

V (t ) VS (V0 VS )e( t RC )

Total Response( Two representations):

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Dr. A. Barghouthi

Network Analysis II
First Order Linear Circuits:

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Network Analysis II
First Order Linear Circuits:
Basic Circuits (any first order with capacitors and resistors and independent
sources can be simplified to the given circuit):
diL
di
RiL (t ), L L RiL (t ) VS
dt
dt
V
L
a , I L () S , I L (0) I 0
R
R
V
V
I L (t ) S ( I 0 S )e ( Rt L )
R
R

VS L

Time constant of a circuit is the time it takes the step response of a circuit
to charge to 0.63 of the final value of voltage or current.

10/27/16

Lequ
Requ

Dr. A. Barghouthi

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Network Analysis II
2nd Order Linear Circuits:
Parallel RLC circuit

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Network Analysis II
2nd Order Linear Circuits:
Parallel RLC circuit

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Network Analysis II
2nd Order Linear Circuits:
Series RLC circuit

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Network Analysis II
Review AC Circuits & Sinusoidal Steady State Response:
Motivating Phasors:
The steady state response from a linear system to a cosine with a certain frequency
is a cosine with the same frequency but differs in both amplitude and phase.
As a result, frequency offers no new information to the solution, we drop it by
introducing the phasor concept.
The phasor domain is a frequency domain representation of all I/V characteristics of
the components and sources.
Phasors introduces the solution of differential equations by an algebraic manipulation
of complex numbers. Simplifying the analysis when only the steady state solution is
needed.

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Network Analysis II
Review AC Circuits & Sinusoidal Steady State Response:
Basics of Complex Numbers and Phasors:

Cosine is our reference

Sine can also be used, but
to convert back to time
domain the imaginary part
of the phasor should be
taken

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Network Analysis II
AC Circuits & Sinusoidal Steady State Response:
Component relations in frequency domain:
I lags V for an
inductor by 90
degrees
I leads V for a
capacitor by 90
degrees
I & V are in-phase
for a resistor

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Network Analysis II
Review of AC Circuits & Sinusoidal Steady State Response:
Motivating laplace transform(Limitation of phasor transform):
Phasor transform only calculates the steady state solution, to consider also transients
and even for non-sinusoidal inputs Laplace transform supplies us with the tool for
that.
Laplace transform is more general transform than phasor transform which
helps in finding both the steady state and transient solution in elegant
manner

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Dr. A. Barghouthi

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
A passive electrical component(capacitor, inductor, resistor) is linear only if its input
output relation satisfies two conditions:
Homogeneity: Scaling of the input quantity scales proportionally the output
quantity.
Additivity: the output due to input 1 and input 2 when applied together to the
component is the summation of the output due to the effect of each
input alone.
1. Linearity of a resistor

V1 RI1
. Resistor Homogeneity Property

If I 2 kI1 V2 RI 2 kRI1 kV1

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
Resistor Additivity Property:

V1 RI1 output due to I1

V2 RI 2 output due to I 2
If I 3 I1 I 2 V3 R ( I1 I 2 ) RI1 RI 2 V1 V2
output due to I1 & I 2

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Dr. A. Barghouthi

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
2. Linearity of a Capacitor
. Capacitor Homogeneity Property:
t

1
VC1 (t ) VC (0 ) iC1 ( ) d
C 0

If iC 2 (t ) kiC1 (t )
t

1
1
VC 2 (t ) VC (0 ) iC 2 ( )d VC (0 ) kiC1 ( ) d
C 0
C 0

VC 2 (t ) VC (0 ) k (VC1 (t ) VC (0 )) kVC1 (t ) (1 k )VC (0 )

Capacitors satisfy homogeneity property if the initial condition is Zero

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
2. Linearity of a Capacitor
. Capacitor Additivity Property:
t

1
VC1 (t ) VC (0 ) iC1 ( ) d
C 0

1
VC 2 (t ) VC (0 ) iC 2 ( )d
C 0

If iC 3 (t ) iC1 (t ) iC 2 (t )
t

1
VC 3 (t ) VC (0 ) (iC1 ( ) iC 2 ( )) d VC (0 ) (VC1 (t ) VC (0 )) (VC 2 (t ) VC (0 ))
C 0

VC 3 (t ) VC (0 ) VC1 (t ) VC 2 (t )
Capacitors satisfy homogeneity and additivity properties if the initial condition is Zero
That is why we will split the circuit into two parts (initial condition & excitation)
to deal with two linear circuits independently
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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
3. Linearity of a inductor
Inductor Homogeneity Property:
t

1
iL1 (t ) iL (0 ) VL1 ( )d
L 0

If VL 2 (t ) kVL1 (t )
t

1
1
iL 2 (t ) iL (0 ) VL 2 ( )d iL (0 ) kVL1 ( ) d
L 0
L 0
iL 2 (t ) iL (0 ) k (iL1 (t ) iL (0 )) kiL1 (t ) (1 k )iL (0 )

Inductors satisfy homogeneity properties if the initial condition is Zero

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
3. Linearity of an inductor
Inductor Additivity Property:
t

1
I L1 (t ) I L (0 ) VL1 ( )d
L 0

1
I L 2 (t ) I L (0 ) VL 2 ( )d
L 0

If VL 3 (t ) VL1 (t ) VL 2 (t )
t

1
I L 3 (t ) I L (0 ) (VL1 ( ) VL 2 ( )) d I L (0 ) ( I L1 (t ) I L (0 )) ( I L 2 (t ) VL (0 ))
L 0

I L 3 (t ) I L (0 ) I L1 (t ) I L 2 (t )
Inductors satisfy homogeneity and additivity properties if the initial condition is Zero
That is why we will split the circuit into two parts (initial condition & excitation)
to deal with two linear circuits independently
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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
4. Linearity of Independent sources
For a voltage source to satisfy the homogeneity property, we do not look at the
current voltage characteristic of the source but to the output voltage with respect to
the input voltage

V (t )

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Vout (t ) V (t )

kV (t )

Dr. A. Barghouthi

Vout (t ) kV (t )

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
4. Linearity of Independent sources
For a voltage source to satisfy the additivity property, we do not look at the
current voltage characteristic of the source but to the output voltage with respect to
the input voltage

V (t )

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Vout (t ) V (t )

Dr. A. Barghouthi

Vout (t ) V (t ) V1 (t ) V2 (t )

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
4. Linearity of Independent sources
For a current source to satisfy the homogeneity property, we do not look at the
current voltage characteristic of the source but to the output current with respect to
the input current

I (t )

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I out (t ) I (t )

Dr. A. Barghouthi

kI (t )

I out (t ) kI (t )

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
4. Linearity of Independent sources
For a current source to satisfy the additivity property, we do not look at the
current voltage characteristic of the source, but to the output current with respect to
the input current

I out (t ) I (t ) I1 (t ) I 2 (t )
I (t )

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I out (t ) I (t )

Dr. A. Barghouthi

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Network Analysis II
Linearity and Superposition:
5. Linearity of dependent sources
For a dependent source to satisfy the homogeneity and the additivity property, the
relation of the dependent source to the controlling variable should be linear.

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Network Analysis II
Superposition:
For a linear circuit the total current in any component or the total voltage across any
component can be calculated by killing independent voltage and current sources and
taking the effect of only one at a time, and finally summing the whole result.
Independent voltage sources are killed by shoring them
Independent current sources are killed by opening them
Dependent voltage and current sources are left as they are
The effect of each independent source can be calculated independently using nodal
or mesh analysis and then the effect of each output is added to the other to get the
final voltage or current value.
Superposition principle can not be applied to power as it is a nonlinear
quantity.

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Port : Two terminals where the current into one is identical to the current out of the
other. To guarantee that the current are equal connecting a load or a source
achieves that.
Thevenins or Nortons equivalent circuits for linear network between two terminals
are named one port networks. A one port network only receives or delivers power.
Some linear networks are required to receive power from a source and then deliver
the received power to a load. Such networks can be modeled as a two port network.
one port network

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(Four terminals )Two ports network

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
When we are not interested internally in a linear sub-network, the network can be
treated as a black box and the ports characteristics suffice in analyzing the complete
network while considering the sub-network as a black box.
Thevenins or Nortons equivalent circuits does that for one port networks.
For two port networks, port characteristics can be analyzed or measured, and a set
of parameters that defines the black box is obtained. The parameters relate the
ports currents and voltages to each other.
The characterization of two port networks depends on the superposition principle,
therefore, the circuit in the black box should have neither initial energy stored nor
independent sources inside, as it should be linear for the superposition principle to
apply.

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Six types of parameters can be used to characterize a two port network:
Two independent variables exist while the other two are dependent
Z-parameters or
impedance parameters

b-parameters or
inverse transmission
parameters

Y-parameters or
admittance parameters

h-parameters or
hybrid parameters

a-parameters or
transmission parameters

g-parameters or
inverse-hybrid
parameters

The names given the parameters indicate their dimensions (impedance

and admittance), a mixture of dimensions (hybrid), or their original
application
(transmission
lines).
The objectives
are:
1. Determine two-port parameters of a given circuit.
2. Use two-port parameters to find port variable responses for
specified input sources and output loads.
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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
why adopt the two-port point of view? why not use straight-forward circuit analysis?
There are several reasons. First, two-port parameters can be determined experimentally
without resorting to circuit analysis. Second, there are applications in power systems and
microwave circuits in which input and output ports are the only places that signals can be
measured or observed. Finally, once two-port parameters of a circuit are known, it is a
relatively simple matter to find port variable responses for different input sources and/or
different output loads.

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Six types of parameters can be used to characterize a two port network:
1. Impedance or z-parameters:

Parameters in matrix form:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Reciprocal networks:
A two-port network is said to be reciprocal when the open-circuit voltage measured at one
port due to a current excitation at the other port is unchanged when the measurement and
excitation ports are interchanged. A two-port network that fails this test is said to be
nonreciprocal. Circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors (including mutual
inductance) are always reciprocal. Adding dependent sources to the mix usually makes the
two-port network nonreciprocal

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Reciprocal networks:
The definition holds whether the excitation is the current or a voltage. If the
excitation uses current source the open circuit output voltage is unchanged by
exciting either port in reciprocal networks. If the excitation uses voltage source, the
short circuit output current is unchanged if either port was excited.

Equivalent circuit for reciprocal networks

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Reasons for defining more than one type of parameters:
If any two ports network could be characterized using Z parameters, defining other
type of parameters wont be necessary. Even though it will be advantageous.
Example of a two port network which cannot be represented by Z parameters:

An ideal transformer has an infinite inductance for the primary and secondary,
and therefore, infinite impedances Z11, Z22.
Thus, an ideal transformer cannot be described by Z parameters.

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
2. Admittance or y-parameters:

Parameters in matrix form:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
2. Admittance parameters(Reciprocal):

Derive this equivalent circuit knowing the reciprocity definition and the
y-parameters equations!! Recommended for exam

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
3. Hybrid or h-Parameters:

Parameters in matrix form:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
4. Inverse Hybrid Parameters(g-parameters):

Parameters in matrix form:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
5. Transmission Parameters (T or ABCD parameters):

Parameters in matrix form:

Why is there a negative sign which is not there in other parameters?

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
5. Inverse Transmission Parameters (abcd parameters):

Parameters in matrix form:

Why is there a negative sign which is not there in other parameters?

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Example: transmission parameters:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Example: transmission parameters:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Example: transmission parameters:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Example: transmission parameters:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Relationship between parameters:
Sometimes it is necessary to convert one kind of parameters to another to make
analysis easier. Other times, we have only limited measured results that we can only
calculate one type of the parameters and in order to have another type of
parameters from this, a conversion technique between the parameters is required.
Conversion procedure
1. Begin with the original parameters
2. Write them in terms of the new parameters
3. compare the parameters and find their
equivalence relations

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Relationship between parameters:
Example: suppose we want to convert z-parameters into y-parameters
1. Begin with the original parameters
V1=f(I1,I2)
V2=f(I1,I2)
2. Write them in terms of the new
parameters
I1=f(V1,V2)
I2=f(V1,V2)

V1=z11I1 + z12I2
V2=z21I1 + z22I2, elimination of I1:
-(z21/z11)V1+V2= (-(z21/z11)z12+z22)I2
z21
z
I2
V1 11 V2
det( z )
det( z )
y21

3. Compare the parameters and find their

equivalence relations

z21
z
, y21 11
det( z )
det( z )

Similarly for elimination of I 2 :

y12

z12
z
, y11 22
det( z )
det( z )

Result
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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Relationship between parameters:
Results for any other conversion can be obtained by the similar procedure:

Apply the procedure to

convert from ABCD
parameters to hparameters. Try other
conversions.
You can also use the
table to express the
condition of reciprocity
for each type of
parameters
Recommended for the
exam

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Relationship between parameters:
Example: (using the table to find the solution)

Using such measurements cannot provide us with the

complete h-parameters. Because for h parameters we
need port 2 shorted or port 1 open to find all parameters.
But from those measurements we can calculate the
ABCD parameters completely. After calculating the
parameters, conversion table can be used to obtain all
the h-parameters.
Direct Calculation:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

For reciprocal network only three measurements are required.

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Reciprocal and symmetrical network: a reciprocal network is symmetrical if its ports are
interchanged nothing will change. Additionally to reciprocal tests the input impedanced
should be the same.

For a reciprocal
symmetrical network only
two measurements are
required

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Interconnecting two port networks:

Cascaded connections:

Series-series connections:

Parallel-parallel connections:

Series-parallel connections:

Parallel-series connections:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

Cascaded connections:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

Cascaded connections example:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

Cascaded connections example:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:
Interconnecting two port networks: a large system can be synthesized using connections of
subsystems, knowing the behavior of the subsystems and the characteristics and types of the
interconnections can help make the design process easier. If each subsystem is modeled as
two port network, then the study of the interconnections of two ports circuits is necessary.

Five types of interconnections of two port networks:

Series-series connections:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

Series-series connections example:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

Parallel-parallel connections:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

Parallel-parallel connections example:

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Network Analysis II
Two Port Networks:

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