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MechanicalProperties

ofMetals
Stress(MPa)

500
CONTINUED

400
300
200
100

0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

Strain

MechanicalProperties
StiffnessElasticModulusorYoungsModulus(MPa)
StrengthYield,Ultimate,Fracture,Proof,OffsetYield.
Measuredasstress(MPa)
DuctilityMeasureofabilitytodeformplasticallywithout
fractureElongation,AreaReduction,FractureStrain(nounits
ormm/mm)
Toughness,ResilienceMeasureofabilitytoabsorbenergy
(J/m3).
HardnessResistancetoindentation/abrasion(Variousscales,
e.g.;Rockwell,Brinell,Vickers.)

StressandStrain
Inasimplisticsense,stressmaybethoughtof
asLoad/Area.
Similarly,strainisthedeformationofthe
component/originallength.
Astressmaybedirect,shear,ortorsional
leadingtocorrespondingdeformations.
Stresscannotbemeasureddirectly,but
deformationcanbe.

DirectStressExamples
Load, P
L/2

Lo

Area
Ao

L/2

EngineeringStress

Load, P

P
S
Ao

L/2

Lo

L
e
Lo

L/2

EngineeringStrain

DirectStressTension

Area
Ao

DirectStressCompression

TensionTest
MeasuresP

Extensometer
MeasuresL

TypicalUniversal
TestingMachine

ModernMaterialsTestingSystem
Hydraulic
Wedge
Grips
Specimen

Extensometer

ASTMTensionTestSpecimen
Ao=0.20in2

0.505"Dia

2GaugeLength

Lo

RawDataObtained
Load,P(kN)

Total
Elongation
UniformDeformation

X
Maximum
Load,Pmax
Elastic
Deformation

Elongation,L(mm)

Load,Pf

EngineeringStressStrainCurve
EngineeringStress,S=P/Ao

Elongation

Sy

0.2%offset
yieldstress

(Ultimate)

Su

E
ProportionalLimit

EngineeringStrain,e=L/Lo)

DukesQuickTip!
ExpressLoadinNewtons(N)andAreainmm 2to
getStressinMPa.

N
2 MPa
mm

Mechanicalpropertiesofmetalsarealmost
alwaysgiveninMPaorksi.
Imperialunits:Loadinkips(1000lbf)&Areaas
in2givesStressinksi(kips/in2)
1000psi=1ksi=6.89MPa

HookesLaw
ElasticDeformation
Elasticdeformationisnotpermanent;itmeansthatwhenthe
loadisremoved,thepartreturnstoitsoriginalshapeand
dimensions.
Formostmetals,theelasticregionislinear.Forsome
materials,includingmetalssuchascastiron,polymers,and
concrete,theelasticregionisnonlinear.
Ifthebehaviorislinearelastic,ornearlylinearelastic,
HookesLawmaybeapplied:

S Ee

WhereEisthemodulusofelasticity(MPa)

Stre ss(M Pa )

ModulusofElasticityStiffness
500
CONTINUED

400
300

S (300 0)MPa
E

2x10 5 MPa
e (0.015 0.0)

200
100
0
0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

Strain

0.008

0.010

AtomicOriginofStiffness
NetInteratomicForce

dF
E

dr ro

Strongly Bonded

Weakly Bonded

InteratomicDistance

Shear
Strain,

Shear Stress,

ShearStress

ShearStressandStrain

ShearStrain

shearstress,=ShearLoad/Area
shearstrain,=angleofdeformation(radians)
shearmodulus,G = /(elasticregion)

ElasticPropertiesofMaterials
Poissonsratio:Whenametalisstrainedin
onedirection,therearecorrespondingstrains
inallotherdirections.
Forauniaxialtensionstrain,thelateralstrainsare
constrictive.
Conversely,forauniaxialcompressivestrain,the
lateralstrainsareexpansive.
i.e.;thelateralstrainsareoppositeinsigntothe
axialstrain.
Theratiooflateraltoaxialstrainsisknownas
Poissonsratio,.

PoissonsRatio,
ey
ex

ez
ez
Formostmetals,
0.25<<0.35
intheelasticrange
Furthermore:

E 2G(1 )

PlasticDeformation
ElasticPlastic

ElasticPlastic

ElasticPlastic

Sy

Sy
Stress

Sy

0.002

MostMetalsAl,Cu

0.002

0.002

Strain

CladAlAlloys

LowcarbonSteel

MicrostructuralOriginsofPlasticity
Slip,ClimbandSlideofatomsinthecrystalstructure.
SlipandClimboccuratDislocationsandSlideoccurs
atGrainBoundaries.

ElasticandPlasticStrain
P (e,S)

e ee e p

Stress

S
ee
E
e p e ee
TotalStrain

Strain

Plastic

ep

ee

Elastic

The0.2%offsetyieldstress
isthestressthatgivesaplastic
(permanent)strainof0.002.

ElasticRecovery
Loading

Reloading

Stress

Loading

Unloading
Unloading

Strain

elasticstrain

Strain

DuctilityEL%&AR%
Elongation

EL%

L f Lo
Lo

x100

Lo

Lf

AreaReduction

AR%

Ao A f
Ao

Ao

x100

Af

DuctileVsBrittleMaterials

EngineeringStress

OnlyDuctilematerialswillexhibitnecking.
DuctileifEL%>8%(approximately)
BrittleifEL%<5%(approximately)
AX

C
D

Brittle

Ductile

A&B

C&D

EngineeringStrain

Toughness&Resilience
Toughness:Ameasureoftheabilityofa
materialtoabsorbenergywithoutfracture.
(J/m3orN.mm/mm3=MPa)
Resilience:Ameasureoftheabilityofa
materialtoabsorbenergywithoutplasticor
permanentdeformation.
(J/m3orN.mm/mm3=MPa)
Note:Botharedeterminedas
energy/unitvolume

EngineeringStress,S=P/Ao

Toughness,Ut
Su

Sy

X
ef

Ut S de
o

(S y Su ) EL%

100
2
EngineeringStrain,e=L/Lo)

EngineeringStress,S=P/Ao

Resilience,Ur
Su

Sy

ey

Ur S de
o

ey

Sy e y
2
Sy 2
2E

EngineeringStrain,e=L/Lo)

TypicalMechanicalProperties
Metalsinannealed(soft)condition
Material
1040 Steel
1080 Steel
2024 Al Alloy
316 Stainless Steel
70/30 Brass
6-4 Ti Alloy
AZ80 Mg Alloy

Yield Stress
(MPa)
350
380
100
210
75
942
285

Ultimate
Stress (MPa)
520
615
200
550
300
1000
340

Ductility
EL%
30
25
18
60
70
14
11

Elastic Modulus
(MPa)
207000
207000
72000
195000
110000
107000
45000

Poissons
Ratio
0.30
0.30
0.33
0.30
0.35
0.36
0.29

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