Cells

Page 15-25

Observing the cell

Light

Microscope: magnifies
objects up to 1000x

Lab

tomorrow
BRING PRACTICAL BOOK
READ LAB 1.2 and 1.3 to be
ready

Calculating magnification

What do you know about cells?

Cells: The building blocks of life

Living

cells

organisms are made up of

Cells: What are they made out of ?

Protoplasm:

(first form)
Cell surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

1.1 Surrounds the cytoplasm

1.2 Partially permeable
Function: Controls substances
( glucose, water, dissolved mineral
salts, amino-acids, glycerol & fatty
acids) entering or leaving the cell

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1. Cell surface membrane

2. Cytoplasm
2.1 Where most cell activities
occur
2.2 Contains enzymes and
specialised structures
(organelles)
2.3 Can exist in sol or gel state

Nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
(Makes protein)

3. Nucleus

chromatin (DNA)

Controls the overall cell

activities

2.

Responsible for cell division

3.

Has the hereditary factors

(chromosomes/chromatin/
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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1.

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Functions of nucleus

Mitochondria
This

is where ATP (energy) for the

body will be made
Cellular respiration will happen
here

Flagella
This

is found only on SOME

animal cells for movement.

RER
Transports

apparatus

proteins to the golgi

Ribosomes
Either

on the RER or free.

Protein

synthesis (making proteins)

SER
Produces

some hormones
Detoxifies harmful substances

Golgi apparatus
Modifies,

stores and packages

substances made by the ER so
that they can be transported out of
the cell by vesicle

Vacuole
Stores

water and some other

substances in the cells

Cell Wall Found in plant cell

Encloses

the entire cell surrounding

the surface membrane. Made up of
cellulose. Protects the cell from injury
and gives it its fixed shape. It is
permeable

Chloroplast
Contains

chlorophyll for
photosynthesis to make glucose for
the plant

Plant cell vs Animal Cell

Lesson Objectives

Relate

the structure of the following

to their functions
Ciliated cells in respiratory tract
Root hair cells absorption
Xylem vessels conduction and
support
Muscle cells contraction
Red blood cells transport

is upside down when using a

microscope
image moves the opposite way

Why

use a cover slide? :

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The

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Image

for lab
Title, magnification
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Drawings

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Lab skills

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Palisade Mesophyll cell

Found

in leaf of plant
Has many chloroplast for
maximum photosynthesis

Root hair cells

Absorption

of water and mineral salts in

roots
An extended projection to increased the
surface area
Has mitochondria for active
transport of mineral salts.
No chloroplast so no
photosynthesis happens here

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4. A root hair cell

vessels
5. xylem

Ciliated cells
In

respiratory tract.
Has many mitochondria
for movement
Has cilia to sweep
mucus containing dust

Relating structure with function

1.

Mucus:

1.1 traps dust and bacteria

1.2 serves as a lubricant for the air
passages
2. Cilia:

sweep the trapped dust and

bacteria upwards into the esophagus

3. Ciliated cells of the respiratory tract (air pipes)

Sebaceous
glands
cilia
mucus

Muscles cells
Contraction and relaxation. - maintaining and
changing posture, locomotion, as well as movement
of internal organs (heart contraction, peristalsis)
Has many mitochondria
Spindle shape to slide over each other

Red blood cells

For transport of oxygen
around animals
No nucleus; to increase
volume
Biconcave disc shape to
increase surface area
Haemoglobin to attach
oxygen

Xylem vessels:
Conduction and transport of water and mineral
salts.
Hollow tube to maximize transport
Missing many organelles (no protoplasm) to
allow easy flow of substances.
Lignin: To support and keep the plant upright

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Or

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Cells are the building blocks of life

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Level of Organization

Cells: The building blocks of

life. There are many different
types of cells with different
forms and functions

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Level of organization

1 Tissue: a group of cells

performing the same function
(eg blood; vascular bundle)

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Level
organization
Cell of
organization

4 Organ System: different

organs are together (eg
digestive, respiratory)

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3 Organ: different kinds of

tissue are together (eg
heart, leaf)

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Level of organization

Tissues, Organs & Systems

muscle
tissue

stomach
(organ)

nervous
tissue

epithelium (tissue)
lungs
(organs)

connective tissue

Different tissues combine to form an organ.

Organs & Systems

stomach
(organ)

intestine
(organ)

trachea
(organ)

digestive system lungs

(organ system) (organs)

respiratory
system
(organ
system)

Several organs work together to make up an organ

system.

digestive system
(organ system)

respiratory system
(organ system)

human
(organism)

Various organ systems work together to make up an

organism.

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Organ Systems

Tissues vs organ vs organ system

Cell:

individual cell performing a specific

function
Tissue: cells with a similar function working
together
Organ: Different types of tissues working
together to perform a function
Organ system: Several organs working together
for a specialized purpose

Calculating magnification