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Chapter 8
Basic Concepts of Chemical
Bonding
David P. White
Prentice Hall
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Lewis Symbols
As a pictorial understanding of where the electrons are in
an atom, we represent the electrons as dots around the
symbol for the element.
The number of electrons available for bonding are
indicated by unpaired dots.
These symbols are called Lewis symbols.
We generally place the electrons one four sides of a
square around the element symbol.
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
Consider the reaction between sodium and chlorine:
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
Hf = -410.9 kJ
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Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
The reaction is violently exothermic.
We infer that the NaCl is more stable than its constituent
elements. Why?
Na has lost an electron to become Na+ and chlorine has
gained the electron to become Cl. Note: Na+ has an Ne
electron configuration and Cl has an Ar configuration.
That is, both Na+ and Cl have an octet of electrons
surrounding the central ion.
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Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
NaCl forms a very regular structure in which each Na+
ion is surrounded by 6 Cl ions.
Similarly, each Cl ion is surrounded by six Na+ ions.
There is a regular arrangement of Na+ and Cl in 3D.
Note that the ions are packed as closely as possible.
Note that it is not easy to find a molecular formula to
describe the ionic lattice.
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Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
Prentice Hall
Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
Lattice energy: the energy required to completely
separate an ionic solid into its gaseous ions.
Lattice energy depends on the charges on the ions and the
sizes of the ions:
Q1Q2
El
d
is a constant (8.99 x 10 9 Jm/C2), Q1 and Q2 are the
charges on the ions, and d is the distance between ions.
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Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
Lattice energy increases as
The charges on the ions increase
The distance between the ions decreases.
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Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
Electron Configurations of Ions of the
Representative Elements
These are derived from the electron configuration of
elements with the required number of electrons added or
removed from the most accessible orbital.
Electron configurations can predict stable ion formation:
Mg: [Ne]3s2
Mg+: [Ne]3s1
not stable
Mg2+: [Ne]
stable
Cl: [Ne]3s23p5
Cl: [Ne]3s23p6 = [Ar] stable
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Chapter 8
Ionic Bonding
Transition Metal Ions
Lattice energies compensate for the loss of up to three
electrons.
In general, electrons are removed from orbitals in order
of decreasing n (i.e. electrons are removed from 4s before
the 3d).
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions are formed when there is an overall
charge on a compound containing covalent bonds. E.g.
SO42, NO3.
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Chapter 8
Covalent Bonding
When two similar atoms bond, none of them wants to
lose or gain an electron to form an octet.
When similar atoms bond, they share pairs of electrons to
each obtain an octet.
Each pair of shared electrons constitutes one chemical
bond.
Example: H + H H2 has electrons on a line connecting
the two H nuclei.
Prentice Hall
Chapter 8
Covalent Bonding
Prentice Hall
Chapter 8
Covalent Bonding
Lewis Structures
Covalent bonds can be represented by the Lewis symbols
of the elements:
Cl+ClClCl
In Lewis structures, each pair of electrons in a bond is
represented by a single line:
H
H O
H N H
Cl Cl
H F
H C H
H
H
H
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Chapter 8
Covalent Bonding
Multiple Bonds
It is possible for more than one pair of electrons to be
shared between two atoms (multiple bonds):
One shared pair of electrons = single bond (e.g. H2);
Two shared pairs of electrons = double bond (e.g. O2);
Three shared pairs of electrons = triple bond (e.g. N2).
H H
O O
N N
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Molecular
MgH2
Hydrogen sulfide
FeF2
Iron(II) fluoride
Oxygen difluoride
Mn2O3 Manganese(III)
oxide
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OF2
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C N
For C:
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C N
For N:
We write:
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C N
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Resonance Structures
Some molecules are not well described by Lewis
Structures.
Typically, structures with multiple bonds can have
similar structures with the multiple bonds between
different pairs of atoms
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O
O
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O
O
O
O
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Strengths of Covalent
Bonds
The energy required to break a covalent bond is called
the bond dissociation enthalpy, D. That is, for the Cl2
molecule, D(Cl-Cl) is given by H for the reaction:
Cl2(g) 2Cl(g).
When more than one bond is broken:
CH4(g) C(g) + 4H(g) H = 1660 kJ
Strengths of Covalent
Bonds
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Strengths of Covalent
Bonds
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Hrxn = ?
Strengths of Covalent
Bonds
Chapter 8
Strengths of Covalent
Bonds
Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length
We know that multiple bonds are shorter than single
bonds.
We can show that multiple bonds are stronger than
single bonds.
As the number of bonds between atoms increases, the
atoms are held closer and more tightly together.
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Chapter 8
End of Chapter 8:
Basic Concepts of Chemical
Bonding
Prentice Hall
Chapter 8