Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DISCLOSURES
Institutional research agreement,
Siemens AG
Recipient research support Siemens AG
Consultant, Flaherty Sensabaugh
Bonasso PLLC
Consultant, Fulbright and Jaworski, LLC
PURPOSE
Introduce some of the important tech.
parameters in CT scanning that affect
both radiation dose and image quality
Describe the terms used by the major
manufacturers
Discuss similarities and differences
between them.
IMPORTANT REFERENCE
http://www.aapm.org/pubs/CTProtocols/documents/CTTerminology
Lexicon.pdf
AAPM LEXICON
from Working Group on nomenclature and CT
protocols
TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
CT localizer radiograph
kV
mA, mAs, effective mAs (aka mAs/slice)
Pitch
Tube Current Modulation (TCM) Systems
One form of Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
Systems
TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
4000
a.p. (measured)
3500
lateral (calculated)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
600
500
400
300
table position
200
100
attenuation I_0 / I
3000
CT LOCALIZER RADIOGRAPH
Generic
Termzs
GE
Hitachi
Neuso Neuroligi
ft
ca
CT
localizer
Radiogra
gh
Sco
ut
Survie Topogra
w
m
Scanogr
am
Survie
w
Scanogr
am
Scout
CT LOCALIZER RADIOGRAPH
Importance of centering
1. Planning View
2. CT localizer
radiograph
3. CT survey projection
4. Localizer Scan
5. Monitoring Scan
Planning View
CT localizer radiograph
CT survey projection
Localizer Scan
Monitoring Scan
TECH. PARAMETERS: KV
Tube potential
The electric potential applied across an x-ray
tube to accelerate electrons towards a target
material, expressed in units of kilovolts (kV)
Often reduced in peds/smaller patients
kV selection methods part of AEC
NOTE: In CT, all scans are constant kV; There
is no kV modulation or varying of kV within the
scan
TUBE POTENTIAL
Generic
Termzs
GE
Hitachi
Neuso Neuroligi
ft
ca
Tube
potential
kV
kVp
kVp
kV
kV
kV
kV
TECH. PARAMETERS: KV
Contrast in image
Lower kV can give more contrast,
especially with iodinated contrast agents
(exploit k-edge)
TECH. PARAMETERS: KV
Dose
CTDIvol (kV)2.5
So, reducing kV from 120 to 80
(80/120) 2.5 = .36 (64% reduction)
IF mAs is held constant
TECH. PARAMETERS: KV
Dose
CTDIvol (kV)2.5
So, reducing kV from 120 to 80
(80/120) 2.5 = .36 (64% reduction)
IF mAs is held constant
Hitac
hi
mA
m
A
mA
mA
mAs
mAs
(axial)
mAs
(axial)
Eff. mAs
=
mAs/pitc
h
mAs/sli
ce
(helical
)
mAs
Neusoft Neuroligi
ca
mA
mAs
mAs
mAs/slic
e
mAs
3.
4.
5.
Detector Configuration
Nominal Collimation - NxT
N = Number of Detector Channels
T = Width of each Detector Channel
Example: 64 x 0.625mm
N= 64, T=0.625mm, NT = 40mm
Philips
Det Collimati
Con on N x T
f
(mm)
Siem
ens
Toshi
ba
Hitac
hi
Neusoft
Neuroligic
a
Det
Conf
or
Acq
Det
Conf
Det
Conf
Collimati
on
NxT
(mm)
Det
Conf
CTDIw
(mGy/100 mAs)
64x.625mm 8.5
32x.625mm 9.0
16x.625mm 10.5
8x.625mm 12.5
4x.625mm 12.4
2x.625mm 15.1
CARE Dose 4D
Topogram Evaluation: a.p. and lat.
4000
a.p. (measured)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
600
500
400
300
table position
200
100
attenuation I_0 / I
3500
lateral (calculated)
Breast
Tissue
Lung
Region
Abdomen
180 degrees
(LAT)
90 degrees
(AP)
Siemens: CareDose4D
The mAs (or effective mAs, if helical scan) that would be used
on a standard sized patient
ACTUAL mAs (eff. mAs) can be larger than this (should be for
large patients)
ACTUAL mAs (eff. mAs) can be less than this (should be for
smaller patients)
SUMMARY
Introduce some of the important tech. parameters
that affect both radiation dose and image quality
CT localizer radiograph, kV, mA/mAs/effective mAs, pitch and
TCM