Chapter19:

OtherTwoTerminalDevices

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

OtherTwoTerminalDevices

Slide1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

SchottkyDiode
VaractorDiode
PowerDiodes
TunnelDiode
Photodiode
PhotoconductiveCells
IREmitters
LiquidCrystalDisplays
SolarCells
Thermistors

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

1.SchottkyDiode

Slide2

AlsocalledSchottkybarrier,Surfacebarrier,orHotcarrierdiode.
Inacircuititactslikeageneralpurposediode.
SchematicSymbol:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Slide3

ComparisonofaSchottkytoaGeneralPurposeDiode

TheSchottkydiode
lowerforwardvoltagedrop(0.2.63V)
higherforwardcurrent(upto75A)
asignificantlylowerPIV
higherreversecurrent
fasterswitchingrate
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Slide4

ApplicationsforSchottkyDiodes
Highfrequencyswitchingapplications
Lowvoltagehighcurrentapplications
ACtoDCconverters
Communicationequipment
Instrumentationcircuits

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

2.VaractorDiode

Slide5

AlsocalledaVaricap,VVC(voltagevariablecapacitance),orTuningdiode.
Inacircuititactslikeavariablecapacitor.
SchematicSymbol:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

VaractorDiodeOperation

Slide6

Thevaractorinreversebiasactslikeacapacitor.Furthermoretheamountofreversebias
voltagedeterminesthecapacitance.AsVRincreasesthecapacitancedecreases.
CT(VR)

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

C(0)
(1 VR VT ) n

[Formula19.3]

whereC(0)=thecapacitancewithnoreversebiasapplied
n=1/2foralloyand1/3fordiffusedjunctions
VT=maximumreversebiasvoltage
VR=appliedreversebiasvoltage
Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.

UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

VaractorDiodeApplications

Slide7

Highfrequencyapplications:
FMmodulator
Automaticfrequencycontroldevices
Adjustablebandpassfilters
Parametricamplifiers

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

3.PowerDiodes

Slide8

Diodesusedinhighpowerandhightemperatureapplicationssuchaspowerrectifier
circuitsmustberatedforpower.
PowerdiodesaresometimesreferredtoasRectifiers.
Theyhavethesamesymbolandoperationasageneralpurposediode.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

ComparisonofaPowerDiode
toaGeneralPurposeDiode

Slide9

Powerdiodesarephysicallylargerandtheyrequireheatsinking.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

4.TunnelDiodes

Slide10

ATunneldiodehasanegativeresistanceregion.Whichmeansthatasforwardbias
voltageincreasesthediodecurrentdecreases.
SchematicSymbol

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

TunnelDiodeOperation

Slide11

ThecharacteristicsoftheTunneldiodeindicatethenegativeresistanceregion.Notethat
thisisonlyasmallregionofthecharacteristiccurve.
Iftheforwardbiasvoltageisbeyondthenegativeresistanceregion,theTunneldiodeacts
likeageneralpurposediode.
Iftheforwardbiasvoltageisinthenegativeresistanceregionthenthediodecanbeusedas
anoscillator.
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

TunnelDiodeApplications

Slide12

Highfrequencycircuits:
Oscillators
Switchingnetworks
Pulsegenerators
Amplifiers

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

5.Photodiodes

Slide13

APhotodiodewillconductwhenlightisappliedtothejunction.
SchematicSymbol:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

PhotodiodeOperation

Slide14

Thephotodiodeisoperatedinreversebias.Whenlightofaparticularwavelengthstrikes
thejunctionitconducts.Thehighertheintensityoflight(measuredinfootcandles),the
highertheconductionthroughthephotodiode.
Notethatthediodedoesconductsomewhatwithnolightapplied,thisiscalledthedark
current.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

PhotodiodeApplications

Slide15

Instrumentationcircuitsasasensor:
Alarmsystem
Detectionofobjectsonaconveyorbelt

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

6.PhotoconductiveCells

Slide16

AlsocalledPhotoresistivedevice.
Aphotoconductivecellwillvaryresistancewithintensityoflight.
SchematicSymbol:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Slide17

PhotoconductiveCellOperation

Thephotoconductivecellislikearesistor;itmaybeplacedinacircuitinanydirection.
Photoconductivecellsdecreaseresistancewithlightintensity.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Slide18

PhotoconductiveCellApplications
Light/darknessdetection
Controllingintensityoflightsystems

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

7.IREmitters

Slide19

ThesearediodesthatemitIR(infraredradiation).
SchematicSymbol:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

IREmitterOperation

Slide20

TheIREmitteremitsinfraredradiationwhenforwardbiased.Thehighertheforwardbias
current,thegreatertheintensityofinfraredradiation.

Theradiationpatterncanvaryfromwidelydispersedtoaverynarrow,focusedbeam.
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

IREmitterApplications

Slide21

Sensorsininstrumentationcircuitsandtransmittersincommunicationssystems:
Cardreaders
Shaftencoders
Intrusionalarms
Transmitters

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

8.LiquidCrystalDisplays

Slide22
AlsocalledLCD.

Therearetwovarieties,thosewithalightbackgroundanddarkdisplayorthosewitha
darkbackgroundandlightdisplay.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Slide23

LiquidCrystalDisplayOperation

Thebackgroundiseitherlightordark,whenavoltageisappliedtoasegmentthenthe
alphanumericdisplayisvisible.Theamountofvoltagenecessaryfordisplayvaries
dependingonthetypeofdisplayfrom2to20V.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Slide24

ComparisonofLEDandLiquidCrystalDisplays

LowpowerLCDsrequirelesspowerthanLEDs.ButLEDshavefasterresponsetimesand
longerlife.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

9.SolarCells

Slide25

Solarcellsproduceavoltagewhensubjectedtolightenergy.
Thegreaterthelightintensity,thegreateramountofvoltageproduced.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

10.Thermistors

Slide26

Thermistorsareresistorswhosevaluechangeswithtemperature.
SchematicSymbol:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

ThermistorOperation

Slide27

Thermistorsaregenerallynegativecoefficientdevices,whichmeansthatastemperature
increasestheresistancedecreases.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

ThermistorApplications

Slide28

Sensorsininstrumentationcircuits
Temperaturecorrectioncircuitry

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.