Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Broad Classification
Lyotropics
amphiphilic molecules, polar and non-polar
parts form liquid crystal phases over certain
concentration ranges when mixed with a
solvent
hydrophobic
non-polar tail
+
-
hydrophilic
polar head
Thermotropics
molecules consisting of a rigid core and
flexible tail(s) form liquid crystal phases
over certain temperature ranges.
flexible tail
rigid core
micelle
cross section
reverse
micelle
cross section
CN
Physicists
Engineers
View
Shape Anisotropy
Length > Width
Geometrical Structures of
Mesogenic Molecules
Low Molecular Weight
disk-like
rod-like
(
most practical applications
)n
)n
Crystal
Nematic LC Isotropic
Temperature
Long
Molecular
Axis
H H
C
H
C
H H
C
H H
H H
director
H H
Smectic C
Smectic A
Temperature
Nematic
Chirality
The methyl group on the 2nd carbon atom
on the alkyl chain of the molecules extends
out of the plane of the paper and the hydrogen atom extends into the plane of the paper.
Therefore the 2nd carbon can be thought of
as a right or left handed coordinate system
left-handed right-handed H H H H H
mirror images
C N
H-C-C-C-C-C
H H H H H
non-chiral
H H H
H
C N
H-C-C-C-C-C
non-superimposable
CH3
H H H
H
chiral (RH)
Chiral Nematic
CN
director
pitch
1
HTP
Pc
Chiral Dopant
S-811
IS-4651
HTP (m)-1
-14
-13.6
0.71 m
1
14 m 0.1
CH3
COO CH2 CH C2H5
O
C
C
R
O
O
example: R=OCOC11H23
O
C
R
C
O
rigid
semi-flexible
Side Chain
mesogenic moieties
attached as side chains
on the polymer backbone
main-chain
side-chain
O
CO
R2
1
2
S P2 (cos ) (3 cos 1)
2
cos
2
2
cos
d
no order
3
cos2 ( 0o ) 1
perfect order
S P2 (cos ) 1
perfect crystal
S P2 (cos ) 0
isotropic fluid
P2
=(kT)-1
n
Order Parameter, S
1.0
Isotropic
Fluid
0.0
Nematic
Liquid
Crystal
-0.6
Temperature
surface
Order Parameter, S
Temperature
Nomenclature
Kii
n
proportional to
S2
S
S
S
VTH
K
S2
Scales as the square root of S
S
therefore lowers with increasing temperature
NhFS
2F
2
3 cos 1
o
2k BT
N:
h,f:
S:
:
:
k B:
T:
number density
reaction field, reaction
cavity parameters
order parameter
anisotropy in polarizability
molecular dipole moment
Boltzman constant
Temperature
positive
- ---
negative
- +
- +
- +
- +
E
all angles in
the plane
to E are
possible for the
- materials
100
-3.4
Application
PDLCs
TN AMLCDs
TN AMLCDs
AM PDLCs
Fiber-Optics
- material
16.7
7.4
5.2
5
2.7
-4.2
21.7
11.1
8.3
9.1
7
3.6
5.3
3.7
3.1
4.1
4.3
7.8
Materials
Vacuum
Air
Polystyrene
Polyethylene
Nylon
Water
Dielectric Constant
1.0000
1.0005
2.56
2.30
3.5
78.54
Dielectric Constants:
Temperature Dependence
16
CH3-(CH2)4
S(T )
14
Dielectric Constant
4-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl
12
Temperature Dependence
is
10
8
6
1
2 //
3
25
30
T-TNI (C)
C N
S(T )
Average Dielectric Anistropy
35
1
2 //
3
ll 0
ll
Compound
C5H11
CN
1.51
C7H15
CN
1.37
CN
0.46
CN
0.42
C5H11
C7H15
CN
C7H15
-0.38
ordinary wave
extraordinary wave
1 cos 2 sin2
2
2
2
n
no
ne
optic
axis
liquid
crystal
polarizer
light
= 2dno,e/
e=2dn/
n = ne - no
0 < n < 0.2
depending on deformation
0.2720
0.2390
0.2175
0.1063
0.1045
0.0969
0.0903
0.0859
0.0830
0.0827
0.0770
0.0763
0.0490
0.0437
ne
1.7990
1.7660
1.7455
1.5918
1.5965
1.5763
1.5608
1.5555
1.5578
1.5584
----------------1.5089
1.5183
no
1.5270
1.5270
1.5270
1.4855
1.4920
1.4794
1.4705
1.4696
1.4748
1.4752
----------------1.4599
1.4746
Application
PDLC
PDLC
AM PDLC
STN
TN
AM TN LCDs
AM TN LCDs
AN TN LCDs
ECB
- devices
IPS
IPS
Fiber Optics
- device
Birefringence: Temperature
Dependence
1.8
Index of Refraction
Average Index
ne
1.7
1
ne 2 2n02
3
1 2
2
ne 2n0
3
niso
1.6
no
Temperature
Dependence
1.5
n S(T )
1.4
50
40
30
T-TNI (C)
20
10
circular polarized
linear polarized
Unpolarized
polarizer
d LC: n=0.05
1
Ne No
4
Takes greater number of e-waves
ned nod 1
than o-waves to span d, use
n=0.05
4
1
589nm
d
2,950 nm 2.95 m
4 n 4 0.05
{
K
(
n
)
K
(
n
n
)
K
(
n
n
)
} dV
11
22
33
2V
1
{ K 24 ( n n + n n ) K 13 ( n n )} dV
2V
1
1
2
Fe o ( E n ) dV o
( B n ) 2 dV
2V
2 V o
Fd
1
Fs W0 sin 2 0 dS
2
s
Splay, K 11
Twist, K 22
Bend, K33
Surface Anchoring
Alignment at surfaces propagates over macroscopic distances
microgrooved surface homogeneous alignment (//)
rubbed polyimide
Surface Anchoring
N
fa
ce
polar
anchoring
W
su
r
azimuthal
anchoring
W
Strong anchoring
Weak anchoring
10-4 J/m2
10-7 J/m2
W, is energy needed to
move director n from
its easy axis
E or B
E or B
E or B
K11
(pN)
K22
(pN)
K33
(pN)
Application
BL038
TL205
ZLI 4792
ZLI 5400
ZLI-6009
13.7
17.3
13.2
10
11.5
----------6.5
5.4
5.4
27.7
20.4
18.3
19.9
16.0
PDLC
AM PDLC
TN AM LCD
TN
AM LCD
U 1014 ergs
6
11
K ii
10
dynes
10
N 10 pN
8
10 cm
U: intermolecular interaction energy
: molecule distance
7
6
5
4
3
2
-30
-20
-10
T-TNI (C)
Undeformed
state of banana
and pear shaped
molecules
Polar structure
corresponds to
closer packing
of pear and
banana molecules
Splay
Polar Axis
Bend
n sin x cos y
E Eo y
1
1
2
2
fe o E n o Eo cos2 Electric Free Energy Density
2
2
df
1
2
Electric Torque Density
e e o Eo sin 2
d 2
2
1
1
2
12
2
2
6
o Eo 8.85 10 C / N m 5 0.5 10 V / m 5.5 N / m 2
2
2
n sin x cos y
B Bo y
1
2
1 2
fe
Bo cos2
B n
2 o
2 o
dfb 1 2
e
Bo sin 2
d 2 o
1 2 1
2
7
7
3
1
Bo 4 10 N / A 10 m kg 2T 0.2 N / m 2
2 o
2
Surface
Deformation Torque
2
exp
x
2 4
d
tan
1
fd K cos2
2 x
dfd 1 2
d
K
d 2 d
sin 2 K
2
d
Torque density
Surface
Deformation Torque
2
2
d K
d
2
K
d
Material
Steel
Silica
Nylon
3
8
10 N 2
5 10
11
6 2
15N / m 2 15Pa
Shear Modulus
3
100 GPa
Shear modulus Youngs modulus
8
40 GPa
1 GPa
1 2
d e K
2 d
1
sin 2 o E 2 sin 2
2
K 1
d 2
o E
Balance torque
Find distance d
K 1
d
o E
10
Coherence length
N
n v
n v
shear stress ( )
velocity gradient (v )
n v
n v
Typically >
>
Dynamic Viscosity
1 kg/ms = 1 Pas
0.1 kg/ms = 1 poise
Kinematic Viscosity
1 m2/s
Approximate density
kg
1000 3
m
1m
ii 20 mm 2 / s 20 mm 2 / s
3
10 mm
Typical
Flow
Viscosity
10
Conversion
EM Industry
MIXTURE
CONFIGURATION
ZLI-4792
ZLI-2293
MLC-6610
MLC-6292
18523
TL205
BL038
TN AM LCDs
STN
ECB
TN AM LCDs (Tc=120oC)
Fiber Optics (no=1.4599)
PDLC AM LCD
PDLCs (n=0.28)
Density
Conversion
0.1 kg/ms = 1 poise
Kinematic ()
(mm2/s)
Dynamic ()
(Poise)
15
20
21
28
29
45
72
0.15
0.20
0.21
0.28
0.29
0.45
0.72
H3CO
C4H9
1.0
K
T
B
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.1
20
iso 0 exp
3
1
TNI
30
40
50
Temperature (C)
60
Time
d
v 1
dt
rotational viscosity coefficient
EM Industry
MIXTURE
ZLI-5400
ZLI-4792
ZLI-2293
95-465
MLC-6608
CONFIGURATION
TN LCDs
TN AM LCDs
STN
- Applications
TN AM LCD
Viscosity
(mPa s)
109
123
149
185
186
Viscosity
(Poise)
1.09
1.23
1.49
1.85
1.86
1 Pa
0.109 Pa s 0.109 kg / m s 1.09 poise
3
10 mPa
Viscosity: Comparisons
Material
Viscosity (poise)
Air
Water
Light Oil
Glycerin
10-7
10-3
10-1
1.5
LC-Rotational (1)
LC-Flow (ii)
1< 1 < 2
0.2< ii<1.0
field on state
Surface
zero field
state
d visc
2
K
d
1
dt
o exp t /
10
10
1d 2
where
2
K 2
kg / ms 10 m
(10
1
11
N ) 2
(10
N ) 2
Solution
2.5 s
kg / ms 5 10 m
6
11
S u rfa c e
6 ms
For 5 m cell
z
E
x
Ec
At some critical E
field, the director
rotates, before Ec
nothing happens
z ,0
n cos z ,sin
1
2
2
2
Fd K11 n K 22 n n K 33 n n dV
2 VOL
d
K 22
dz
1
d
F Fd Fe K 22
2 0
dz
o E sin dz
F d F
dz d
dz
E-field
free energy
total
free energy
E
sin cos 0
o
2
dz
soln.
10 11 N
12
2
2
8.85
10
C
/
Nm
(10) small
V
V
200,000 0.2
m
m
VTH
V
ETH d 0.2
m
5 m 1volt
ETH
K 22
d o 5 10 6 m
differential equation
threshold
1.0
E/Ec
Defects
s=1/2
s=+1
s=3/2
s=-1/2
s=+1
s=+2
s=-1
s=+1
R
l
rc
radius of core
R
N
lK11 ln k B Tc rc2l
r
M
F
0 rc
rc
1 M K11
2 N k B Tc
1
10 11 N
26
2
10 m
23
10 J / K 10K
2
rc 3 108 m 30 nm
2
Kq
Thermally induced
Deformations
1
2
K
0.1kg / m s
10
11
N
9
589
10
m
100 s
General Structure
Z
Z
Y
C N
4-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB)
Common Groups
Mesogenic Core
Ring Groups
Linking Groups
phenyl
N
pyrimidine
N
cyclohexane
biphenyl
terphenyl
diphenylethane
stilbene
tolane
schiffs base
azobenzene
azoxybenzene
phenylbenzoate
(ester)
phenylthiobenzoate
CH2 CH2
CH CH
CH CH
CH N
N N
O
N N
O
CO
O
CS
Nomenclature
Mesogenic Core
terphenyl
biphenyl
phenyl
benzyl
benzene
phenylcyclohexane (PCH)
3
1 1
4
5
4
6
cyclohexane
cyclohexyl
Ring Numbering
Scheme
Terminal Groups
(one terminal group is typically an alkyl chain)
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
C*H
straight chain
branched chain
(chiral)
CH3
Attachment to mesogenic ring structure
Direct
alkyl (butyl)
Ether
-O- alkoxy (butoxy)
Terminal Groups
CH3-
methyl
CH3-O-
methoxy
CH3-CH2-
ethyl
CH3-CH2-O-
ethoxy
CH3-(CH2)2-
propyl
CH3-(CH2)2-O- propoxy
CH3-(CH2)3-
butyl
CH3-(CH2)3-O- butoxy
CH3-(CH2)4-
pentyl
CH3-(CH2)4-O- pentoxy
CH3-(CH2)5-
hexyl
CH3-(CH2)5-O- hexoxy
CH3-(CH2)6-
heptyl
CH3-(CH2)6-O- heptoxy
CH3-(CH2)7-
octyl
CH3-(CH2)7-O- octoxy
flouro
chloro
bromo
iodo
methyl
alkyl
cyano
amino
dimethylamino
nitro
phenyl
cyclohexyl
Odd-Even Effect
Clearing point versus alkyl chain length
O
CH3-(CH2)n-O
CO
O-(CH2)n-CH3
clearing point
18
16
14
12
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
carbons in alkyl chain (n)
Nomenclature
Common molecules which exhibit a LC phase
CH3-(CH2)4
C N
4-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl
CH3-(CH2)4-O
C N
4-pentoxy-4-cyanobiphenyl
Structure - Property
vary mesogenic core
CH3-(CH2)4
C N
C-N (oC)
N-I(oC)
22.5
35
0.18
11.5
71
52
0.18
19.7
31
55
0.10
9.7
N
N
Structure - Property
vary end group
COO
CH3-(CH2)4
X
H
F
Br
CN
CH3
C6H5
C-N (oC)
N-I (oC)
87.5
92.0
115.5
111.0
106.0
155.0
114.0
156.0
193.0
226.0
176.0
266.0
Z
A
Temperature
Isotropic Liquid
Liquid
Crystal
ln i = Hi(Teu-1 - Tmi-1)/R
E
eutectic
point
Solid
0
50
Concentration ( 2), %
100
H: enthalpies
Teu: eutectic temperature
Tmi: melt temperature
R: constant
Nematic-Isotropic
Temperature: TNI
TNI = iTNIi
EM Industry Mixtures
S-N
<-40 C
Clearing
+92 C
15
40
K33/K11
1.39
5.2
dielectric anisotropy
0.0969
dn (m)
0.5
dV/dT (mV/oC)
2.55
V(10,0,20)
V(50,0,20)
V(90,0,20)
2.14
2.56
3.21
EM Industry Mixtures
Property
S-N
ZLI 4792
<-40 C
MLC 6292/000
<-30 C
MLC 6292/100
<-40 C
Clearing
+92 C
+120 C
+120 C
15
40
160
2500
28
95
470
7000
25
85
460
7000
K33/K11
1.39
-------
------
5.2
0.0969
7.4
0.0903
6.9
0.1146
dn (m)
dV/dT (mV/C)
0.5
2.55
0.5
1.88
0.5
1.38
V(10,0,20)
V(50,0,20)
V(90,0,20)
2.14
2.56
3.21
1.80
2.24
2.85
1.38
2.25
2.83
Summary of Fundamentals
Thermotropic Liquid Crystal
Anisotropy
Nematic phase
Chirality
Order parameters
Dielectric Anisotropy
Diamagnetism
Birefringence
Elastic constants
Surface Anchoring
Viscosity
Threshold
Defects
Eutectic Mixture