Ch4 Kinematics Fluids Motion

Fluid Mechanics - 1
Chapter 4
Kinematics
of
Fluids Motion
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4
11
Introduction
So far we have studied behavior & properties of fluid at rest and in
motion in an elementary manner, that too under action of forces
We also know that Fluid have general tendency of moving under
slight shear force or / and under imbalance of normal Stresses
(Pressure)
In this chapter, we will study :
Kinematics of Fluid Motion Fluid Motion without being concerned
with the actual forces to produce motion covering the following :
Velocity of Fluid
Acceleration of Fluid
Description
Visualization of fluid motion
The analysis of forces necessary to produce motion (Dynamics of

Fluid) will be discussed in detail in next chapters
Understanding for describing and observing fluid motion is an
essential step to the complete understanding of Fluid Mechanics
22
The Velocity Field
Fluid particles are tightly packed together and at a given instant in time
The description of any fluid property, can be expressed as functions of spatial
coordinates (location)
This representation of fluid parameters (properties) is generally termed as field
representation of flow
Such field representations at different times may vary, thus can also be called as
function of spatial coordinates ( x, y, z) and time (t)
One of the most important
field;
fluid variable(property) is the velocity
V u x, y, z , t i v x, y, z , t j w x, y, z, t k
where u, v, and w are x, y, z components of the velocity vector

The location a particle (say particle A) relative to coordinate system (say spatial
coordinates) is generally expressed in term of Position Vector rA
If particle is moving then it is function of time (t)

Time derivative of position vector gives Velocity drA/dt = VA
33
The Velocity Field /(Contd.)
Time derivative of position vector gives Velocity ; drA/dt = VA
Change in velocity results in acceleration; change in speed or/and direction would

result acceleration
See Example 4.1
The velocity vector (V) has a magnitude (speed) and direction

2
2
2
where the magnitude of V is V V u v w
& the direction is along (i.e. tangential to) the streamline
44
Example 4.1
Example 4.1 /(contd.)
Thus, along the x axis (y=0) we see that tan =0 so that =0 or =1800
Similarly, along the y axis (x=0) we obtain so tan = infinity, so that =900 or =2700
Also, for y=0, we find V=(Vox/l) i , while for x=0, we have V=(Voy/l) j
This indicates that if V0 > 0, the flow is directed towards origin along the y axis and away from
the origin along the x axis as shown in Fig. E4.1a.
By determining V and for other locations in the xy plane, the velocity field can be sketched
as shown in the figure. For example, on the line the velocity is at angle
relative to the x axis
At the origin x=y=0 so that V = 0. This point is a stagnation point
The farther from the origin the fluid is, the faster it is flowing (as seen from Eq. 1)
By careful consideration of the velocity field it is possible to determine considerable
information about the flow

Eulerian and Lagranian Flow Description
Eulerian method, uses the field concept introduced earlier
The fluid motion is given by completely prescribing the necessary
properties (pressure, density, velocity, etc.) as functions of space and
time
From this method we obtain information about the flow in terms of what
happens at fixed points in space as the fluid flows past those points
Lagrangian method, involves following the individual fluid

particles as they move about and determining how the fluid
properties associated with these particles change as a function
of time. That is,
The fluid particles are tagged or identified
and their properties are determined as they move
77
The difference between the two methods of analyzing fluid flow

problems can be seen in the example of smoke discharging from a
chimney, as is shown in Fig. 4.2
In the Eulerian method one may attach a temperature-measuring
device to the top of the chimney (point 0) and record the temperature
at that point as a function of time
At different times there are different fluid particles passing by the
stationary device. Thus, one would obtain the temperature, for that
location and as a function of time, T=T(xo, yo, zo , t)
The temperature of a particle as a function of time would not be known
unless the location of the particle were known as a function of time.
In the Lagrangian method, one would attach the temperaturemeasuring device to a particular fluid particle (particle A) and record
that particles temperature as it moves about
Thus, one would obtain that particles temperature as a function of time
If enough information in Eulerian form is available, Lagrangian
information can be derived from the Eulerian dataand vice versa
In fluid mechanics it is usually easier to use the Eulerian method to
describe a flow in either experimental or analytical investigations
88

Simplifications in Flow Description
One, Two or Three Dimensional Flows
Flow properties dimensions can be reduced to 2D or 1D if one or two component
of Property (V) are small compared with other components without effecting the
analysis results
Steady and Unsteady Flow

For steady flows (V)/t = 0,
Steady or un-steady behavior is always defined with reference to observer at a
fixed location or point; (Eulerian Flows)
Unsteady flows can be periodical, un-periodic or random
99

Streamlines, Streaklines and Pathlines
A streamline is a line everywhere tangent to the
velocity vector at a given instant
or
dy v
and
dx u
dx
dy
, v
dt
dt
A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given

fluid particle or a line traced out by a given particle
as it flows from one point to another. It is same as
streamline in steady flow
A streakline is the locus of all particles which have
earlier passed through a prescribed (or a given
common) point
A timeline is a set of fluid particles that form a line
at a given instant. It is seldom used in fluid
mechanics
V
v
d
u y
x
Example 4.3
10
10
The Acceleration Field

For applying Newton's law (F=ma) to a flow we need description of
a to completely define the flow
For Langarian description (following individual particles), the fluid
acceleration is described as done in solid body dynamics, that is
a = a (t)
For Eulerian description (observing particles as pass through a fixed
point in space), we describe the acceleration field, as a function of
position and time, i.e.
V = V (x, y, z, t)
This analogous to describing the flow in terms of velocity field rather
than the velocity for particular particle
In this section, we will study how to obtain the acceleration field if
the velocity field is known
13
13
The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

The Material Derivative
Velocity of a fluid particle (say Particle A ) at any time (t) is described as a

function of coordinates of a fixed location, that is
VA = VA (r,t)
= VA [ xA(t), YA(t), ZA(t), t]
Thus acceleration of particle is given by

( time ratedVchange of velocity)
A
a t
dt
Using chain rule differentiation, it can be written as

VA VA x A VA y A VA z A
t
x t
y t
z t
V
V
V
V
a
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
aA
or
as uA= dxA/dt, vA= dyA/dt and zA= dzA/dt
14
14
For any particle, subscript A can be dropped and acceleration field can be written
as a V u V v V w V
t
This is a vector result whose scalar components can be written as

u
u
u
u
u
v w
t
x
y
z
v
v
v
v
ay u v w
t
x
y
z
w
w
w
w
az
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
ax
The above
is often written in shorthand form asD
DV
a
where D operator is Dt t u x v y w z
4.5
Dt
In term of material derivatives or substantial derivatives, it is often expressed as
For Temperature it is represented

T asT
V.
dt
t
D T T
V.T
dt
t
T
T
w
y
z
15
15

Unsteady Effects
D

Eqn 4.5; Dt t u x v y w z
have two terms and are called as
Time derivative; [ ( )/t] Local Derivative

Spatial derivative x , y , z
Time derivative of Velocity vector is also called as Local Acceleration
You may note that V/t > 0 means acceleration & V/t < 0 is decelerating flow
For the steady flows, Time derivative; [ ( )/t] terms are zero
For the figure shown, flow is spatially uniform such that
u/dx =0, v = w = 0 and V = V0
Equation;
V
V
V
V
u
v
w
t
x
y
z
V V0
i
t
t
becomes
16
16

Convective Effects
The spatial derivatives part of Eqn 4.5 (Material Derivative) is termed as Convective

Derivatives ;
u
v
w
V.
x
It represent the fact that fluid properties may vary from point to point in space due to
motion of the fluid.
The time rate of fluid velocity is acceleration, thus The portion of the acceleration given
by the term ;
is Vcalled
. Vas convective acceleration
Consider the figure opposite, in which flow is

Steady flow; ( )/t =0
One Dimensional; (x), V=u=u(x)
We see that
u
Fluid particle experiences acceleration i.e.,
ax u
x
for x1 to x2, u> 0 so ax > 0 ,flow accelerates
and for x2 to xx3,
u< 0 so ax < 0 , i.e. flow decelerates
xMaterial Derivatives, we need to have field description of

We conclude that for use of
parameter (property); P=P(x,y,z,t) and the rate at which particle moves through the
field V=V(x,y,z,t)
17
17

Streamline Coordinates
As discussed earlier (Chapter 3), it is

sometimes convenient to use Streamline
coordinates having
unit vectors ( ) as
s , n opposite
shown in figure
Care must be taken for not confusing unit
vector
with distance s (a scalar
s
quantity)
One of the major advantage of using streamline coordinates is that the velocity is
always tangent
to s direction i.e.,
V V s
This gives simple description of fluid particle acceleration and solution of equation
governing the flow
For steady 2-D flow, we can write acceleration as
DV
a a x s an n
Dt
where as and an are the streamline and normal component of acceleration
18
18
It my be noted that for steady flow the speed and the flow direction, both are function
of location
s
V = V (s. n) and s, n
For a particle, the value of s changes with time but n remains constant as particle
is moving along a streamline, thus
DV D Vs
a
Applying chain rule we get

a
dt
dt
DV
Ds
s V
Dt
dt
V V s V n
s s s s n
a
s V
For steady flow, it can be simplified

as
V
s
a V
s V V
s
s
The term s represent change
in unit vector along streamline
s
distance along streamline s
Orientation of unit vector ;
per change in
changes with distance along streamline
19
19

V
a V
s

s
s V V
It can be demonstrated
that
the term
To prove it, examine the figure opposite
s n
s R
s in above equation can be written as
It is seen that magnitude of above LHS term

is equal to 1/R
AOB are similar
The triangles AOBsand
s
s 1
or
So that
R
s
s R
s 0

s
s direction
n
For the limit
,
the
of
lim
streamline, that is s s0 s R
is seen to be normal to
Hence the acceleration 2for steady 2-D flow in terms of its streamwise and normal
V V
components
a Vas s
n
s
20
20
Control Volume & System Representations

System
It is a collection of matter of fixed Identity (same fluid particles) which may move, flow and
interact with surroundings
System may have a very large amount of mass or may be of infinitesimal size (such as
single particle)
It may continuously change size and shape but always contains same mass
Control Volume
It is a volume in space; a geometric identity independent of mass through which fluid flows
in and out
The control volume approach help is describing the effect of fluid flow on surrounding bodies
Control volumes can be moving or fixed and non deformable
Both Control Volume and System concepts can be used for describing the fluid flow
Lets discuss both the concepts as shown in figure
21
21
Control Volume & System Representations
22
22
The Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
It is an important tool to convert the system analysis to Control Volume analysis,

and can be applied to all basic laws
All basic laws are always stated in term of physical parameters (properties), like
Velocity, Acceleration, Temperature, Mass and Momentum
The conversion formula using RTT may differ slightly according to whether the
control volume is fixed, moving or deforming
Any fluid parameter (say B) can be defined as
B=mb
where m is mass of B and b is the amount of that parameter per unit mass
The term B is termed as Extensive property and the parameter b is termed as
Intensive property
A property B of the SYSTEM is represented as Bsys and for the control volume it is
represented BCV such that
Bsys lim bi ivi b dv where for a particle, B b v
V 0
sys
23
23
The Reynolds Transport Theorem /(Contd.)

Bsys lim bi ivi
V 0
b dv
sys
Here we are concerned with time rate of change of extensive

property, like change of mass or momentum of a system with time
Thus we often used the following form of expressions
or
b dv
dB; sys 4.8,4,9

sys

dt
dt
dBCV

dt
b dv
CV
dt
These equations appears to be same but their physical

interpretation is quite different. Mathematically these differences are
covered by the limits of integration
Reynolds transport theorem provides the relationship between the
time rate change of extensive property for a system to that for a
Control Volume; Eqn 4.8 and 4.9
24
24

Derivation of RTT
Consider figure opposite, and
following assumptions
Fixed Control Volume

One inlet and outlet (1-D)
Uniform properties (density, velocity & b)
Velocity is normal to Section 1 & 2
Here we can see that

The system at time t, consists of the fluid in control volume, i.e. SYS=CV
At time = t +t, SYS= CV - I II, where CV remains as it is for all time
Thus Bsys(t) = BCV(t) at time = t

& at t+dt, Bsys(t+t) = BCV(t+t) BI(t+t)+BII(t+t)
The change in the amount of B in the system in time interval t becomes
Bsys Bsys t t Bsys t BCV t t BI t t BII t t Bsys t
t
t
t
25
25
Bsys Bsys t t Bsys t BCV t t BI t t BII t t Bsys t
t
t
t
By using the fact that Bsys(t) = BCV(t) and rearranging above, we get
Bsys BCV t t BCV t BII t t BI t t
t
t
t
t
For dt 0
The LFH of above becomes DBsys/Dt
b dv
The 1st term on RHS lim BCV t t BCV t BCV CV
t 0
t
t
B t t
lim II
2 A2 V2b2
t 0
t
B out
The 2nd term on RHS
BII t t 2b2 vII 2b2 A2 V2t
where
o
Similarly 3rd term becomes B in lim BI t t A V b
1 1 1 1
t 0
t
Thus the above eqn becomes
DBsys BCV
4.15
2 A2V2b2 1 A1V1b1
Dt
t
26
26

DBsys
Dt
BCV
2 A2V2b2 1 A1V1b1
t
Remember; this equation is a simplified version of RTT

Its more general form for a fixed non-deforming CV, it can be derived as (Eqn. 4.19):
DBsys
Dt
DBsys
Dt
BCV
b V n dA
CS
t
b dv b V n dA
CV
CS
t
27
27
28
28

We use the standard notation that the unit normal vector to contorl
surface, n, points out from the control volume
Thus as shown in figure below, -90 < < 90 (flow outflow region),
normal component of V is positive; V n > 0

For inflow regions; 90 < < 270, V n < 0
29
29

DBsys
b dv b V n dA
CV
CS
t
Physical Interpretation of Eqn 4.19; Dt

RTT appears to be rather difficult mathematical expression but physical
understanding of concept involve will show that it is a straight forward, relative easyto-use tool
Its purpose is to provide a link between control volume and system domains
LHS of above Eqn:
It is time rate change of a extensive property B ( like rate change of Mass, Momentum,
Energy or angular momentum of the system)
Note that CV is stationary but system may be moving, thus time rate of change of B in
system may not be same as in CV
RHS of Eqn
The first term represents time rate change of B within CV
Recall that bdv is the amount of B in a small CV; dv and dv = mass
The time derivative integral over CV is the time rate change of B within CV at a given
time
The last term represents thenet flow rate of B across the
entire control surface
For Outflow from CV, V n > 0 and for inflow V n < 0
Vn
For remaining surfaces (other than inlet & outlet), b
= 0 as either b = V =0 or V is
parallel to these surfaces
30
30

D
Relation to material derivatives Dt t V. t u x v y w z

The material derivatives give relation ship to transform from
Lagangian view point to Eulerian view point, whereas RTT gives
relationship between System and CV, both deal with absplute and
relative motion
Both have similar terms for steady/unsteady and convective effects
Both can be applied to scalar parameters like temperature and
vector parameters like velocity
Moving Control Volumes
VCV = V W ; where W is relative velocity and V is absolute
Velocity
DBsys
b dv b W n dA
R TT then becomes;
CS
Dt
t CV
31
31
Assignments / Self Study
By now you must have solved and

understood Examples 4.1 to 4.9
Complete Solving at least 24 (out of 63)
problems from Chapter 4 of text book
32
32

Pres
33
33

Ch4 Kinematics Fluids Motion

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Fluid Mechanics - 1

The analysis of forces necessary to produce motion (Dynamics of

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Velocity Field

fluid variable(property) is the velocity

where u, v, and w are x, y, z components of the velocity vector

If particle is moving then it is function of time (t)

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Velocity Field /(Contd.)

Time derivative of position vector gives Velocity ; drA/dt = VA

Change in velocity results in acceleration; change in speed or/and direction would

The velocity vector (V) has a magnitude (speed) and direction

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

Example 4.1 /(contd.)

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Velocity Field /(Contd.)

Lagrangian method, involves following the individual fluid

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Velocity Field /(Contd.)

The difference between the two methods of analyzing fluid flow

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Velocity Field /(Contd.)

Steady and Unsteady Flow

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Velocity Field /(Contd.)

A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Acceleration Field

The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

Velocity of a fluid particle (say Particle A ) at any time (t) is described as a

Thus acceleration of particle is given by

Using chain rule differentiation, it can be written as

as uA= dxA/dt, vA= dyA/dt and zA= dzA/dt

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

This is a vector result whose scalar components can be written as

For Temperature it is represented

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

have two terms and are called as

Time derivative; [ ( )/t] Local Derivative

Time derivative of Velocity vector is also called as Local Acceleration

For the figure shown, flow is spatially uniform such that

u/dx =0, v = w = 0 and V = V0

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

Consider the figure opposite, in which flow is

xMaterial Derivatives, we need to have field description of

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

As discussed earlier (Chapter 3), it is

where as and an are the streamline and normal component of acceleration

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

Applying chain rule we get

For steady flow, it can be simplified

Orientation of unit vector ;

changes with distance along streamline

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 4

The Acceleration Field /(Contd.)

To prove it, examine the figure opposite

s in above equation can be written as