Faculty of Engineering Dayalbagh Educational Institute,

Agra(India)

STREAM SEMINAR
TOPIC:Cryogenic Technology and Its
Applications
Presented By:Hareesh Kumar
Rajput
B. Tech. IIIyr
(Mech.)
Roll No. :114059

INTRODUCTION
The Main Point to be Discuss Are:1. What is Cryogenic Technology
2. Brief History of Cryogenic Technology
3. Applications
4. Specific Applications in Rocket
Propellant
5. Advantages
6. Limitations
7. Future of Cryogenic Technology

WHAT IS CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY ?

In physics, cryogenics is the study of the
production and behavior of materials at very
low temperatures (below 150 C, 238 F
or 123 K).
the study of how to produce low
temperatures;
the study of what happens to materials
when you've cooled them down.

BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY

The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found that
metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear
The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket engines.
with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963 and is still used
on the Atlas V rocket.
Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in 1979 , Chinese
YF-73 in 1984 .
The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in space,
successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only in 1987.

CNTINU.

(Russian) - N 1
(AMERICAN) ATLAS V

WHAT ABOUT INDIA ?

Right now India have got great success in this technology
But during 1991-92, India faced many problems to get Cryogenic
Engine from Russia.
To India the U.S., Japan and France were not agree to provide
the technology or do so only at an exorbitant price.
The deal violated the Missile Technology Control Regime, which
was intended to prevent the spread of missile-related technology,
and fell foul of the U.S. laws meant to enforce its provisions.
Despite warnings from within the organization, ISRO opted to go
ahead with the import. In May 1992, the U.S. imposed sanctions on
ISRO and Glavkosmos. A year later, Russia, which received
the contract after the break-up of the Soviet Union, backed
out of the deal.

CONT.
ISRO then had no option but to develop the technology on its
own.
At the time, ISRO gave the impression that much of the
technology had already been acquired and further
development would be quick.
Since then India took it as a challenge to develop own
technology.
After many failure, finally on 5 January 2014. India mastered
this technology.
And became the sixth country in world after U.S., Russia,
Japan, France, and China to master this technology

APPLICATIONS
USE IN ROCKET ENGINE
Electric power transmission in big cities
Frozen food
Blood banking
Infrared Sensors
Electronics
X-rays

USE IN ROCKET ENGINE

A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a
cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both)
is gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures
During World War II, when powerful rocket engines were first
considered by the German, American and Soviet engineers
independently, all discovered that rocket engines need high
mass flow rate of both oxidizer and fuel to generate a
sufficient thrust.
Various cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combinations have been tried,
but the combination of liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel and the
liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer is one of the most widely used.

THE FIRST OPERATIONAL CRYOGENIC ENGINE

WORKING OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE

It involves a complicated staged combustion cycle'

to increase the engine efficiency.

Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a

gas generator. The hot gases drive a turbo-pump and

are then injected at high pressure into the thrust
chamber where the rest of oxygen is introduced and
full combustion takes place.
Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly

chilly liquid hydrogen is used to cool the thrust

chamber where temperatures rise to over 3,300

. ADVANTAGES
High Energy per unit mass:

Propellants like oxygen andhydrogenin liquid form give very

high amounts of energy per unit mass due to which the amount of
fuel to be carried aboard the rockets decreases.
Clean Fuels
Hydrogenand oxygen are extremely clean fuels. When they
combine, they give out only water. This water is thrown out of the nozzle in
form of very hot vapour. Thus the rocket is nothing but a high burning
steam engine

Economical
Use of oxygen andhydrogenas fuels is very economical, as liquid
oxygen costs less than gasoline.

LIMITATIONS

Low temperature of propellants -Complex

storage
Transfer systems and operations
Need for ignition system
Overall cost of propellants relatively high

CONTI.
Highly reactive gases
Cryogens are highly concentrated gases and have a very
high reactivity. Liquid oxygen, which is used as an oxidizer,
combines with most of the organic materials to form explosive
compounds. So lots of care must be taken to ensure safety

Leakage
One of the most major concerns is leakage. At cryogenic
temperatures, which are roughly below 150 degrees Kelvin or
equivalently (-190) degrees Fahrenheit, the seals of the
container used for storing the propellants lose the ability to
maintain a seal properly. Hydrogen, being the smallest
element, has a tendency to leak past seals or materials.

THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE ROCKET

ENGINES
All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any

other engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be used
as a rocket engine
There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA

scientists are still working with. One of them is the Xenon ion
Engine. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to
extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. NASA's
Deep Space-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ion engines for
propulsion.
There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal

rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.

We are looking forward that in the near future there will be

some good technology to take us into space

Any Queries