Introduction in Telecommunication

(121009)
Chris Roeloffzen
Chair: Telecommunication engineering (EWI)
Floor 8 HOGEKAMP EL/TN building (north)
Telephone 489 2804
E-mail: c.g.h.roeloffzen@el.utwente.nl

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Today: Lecture 15

Chapter 9:

Digital modulation
Page 345 370 + 389, 390

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Contents of the course (fifth edition Tomasi)

Lecture 1 - 3: Introduction
Chapter 1 & 2

Lecture 4 - 6: CW modulation
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8

: Amplitude modulation, Transmission

: Amplitude modulation, Reception
: Single-side banded Communication Systems
: Angle Modulation Transmission
: Angle Modulation Receivers

Lecture 7 - 9: Media
Chapter 12: Metallic Transmission Lines
Chapter 13: Optical Fibers
Chapter 14: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Chapter 15: Antennas

Lecture 10: Digital Communication

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation
Chapter 10: Digital Transmission

Lecture 11: ?????????????????

For specific information see:www.el.utwente.nl/te/education/education.htm
3

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

Digital modulation and digital radio
Information Capacity
bit, bitrate, baud and minimum bandwidth
M-ary encoding
ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK and DPSK

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Analog Communications
Transport of analog information:
I.e.
or

base-band
analog modulated CW carrier
pulse modulation

Digital Communications
Transport of digital information:
I.e.
or
5

digital modulated CW carrier

pulse-code modulation
Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Modulation principle
Change parameters of a carrier

vam t Ac cos 2 f ct c
Information signal: Ac(t)
fc(t)
(t)
Ac(t)
fc(t)
(t)

: amplitude modulation
: frequency modulation
: phase modulation

Ac(t) and (t)

6

Analog Digital

AM
FM
PM

QAM (Digital)

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

ASK
FSK
PSK

Block diagram of a digital radio system

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Bandwidth and information capacity (2)

Shannon limit for information capacity

S
I B log 2 1 3.32 B log10 1
N

N
I =

information capacity (bit/second)

B=

system bandwidth (Hertz)

S/N =signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless)

8

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

M-ary Encoding

N log 2 M

2 M
N

N = number of bits necessary

M = number of conditions, levels, or
combinations possible with N bits
For binary M = 2 N = 1

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Baud and Minimum Bandwidth

1
baud f s
ts
baud = fs = symbol rate (baud per second)
ts = time of one signaling element (second)
symbol = one signaling element
What is the difference between baud and bits
per second (bps)?
10

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Baud and Minimum Bandwidth

f b f s N 2 BN 2 B log 2 M
fb = bitrate (bps)
fs = baud (symbols per second)
B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
M = number of discrete signals or voltage levels
N = number of bits encoded into each symbol

fb
fb
B

2N
2 log 2 M
11

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Binary data sequence signaling

0
A

1
Tb

On-off
t

Polar

Return-to-zero

Bipolar

12

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Polar signal spectrum

sin
f A T

-3/T
13

-2/T

-1/T

1/T

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

2/T

3/T

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

A

v ASK t 1 vm t cos c t
2

vASK(t) = amplitude-shift keying wave

vm(t)
= digital information (modulating) signal (+1
or -1 volt)
A/2
= unmodulated carrier amplitude (volt)
c
= analog carrier radian frequency (rad/sec)
ASK is sometimes referred as OOK (on-off-keying)
14

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK or OOK)

unmodulated carrier

t
modulated carrier

t
1
T

15 b

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

0
2007

Amplitude-shift keying spectrum

SS S(f)

-f0

16

E C T Modulation
R U M A S K2007
Chapter S9 P: Digital

f0

ASK Transmitter
Binary
Data sequence in
Unipolar form

Binary
ASK
signal

X
Accos(2fct)
t

17

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Coherent ASK Receiver

Binary ASK
wave
(amplitude A0)

Choose 1 if > AcA0Tb

Choose 0 if < AcA0Tb

Tb

Decision
device

dt

Accos(2fct)

18

Threshold = AcA0Tb

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Different OOK Receivers

Filter
tuned
to fc

Envelope
detector

Decision
device

Incoherent envelope receiver

Tb

Decision
device

dt

Accos(2fct)

Coherent correlation receiver

Tb

()

Decision
device

dt
0

19

Quasi coherent square law receiver

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

vFSK t Vc cos 2 f c vm t f t

vFSK(t) = frequency-shift keying wave

vm(t) = digital information (modulating) signal (+1
or -1 volt)
Vc
= carrier amplitude (volt)
fc
= analog carrier frequency (hertz)
f = change (shift) in the carrier frequency (Hz)

20

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

Accos(2fc1t)

1
t
Accos(2fc2t)

0
t

1
Tb
21

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

0
2007

Frequency-shift keying spectrum

22

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Binary FSK Transmitter

X
Unipolar
Binary Data
sequence

Accos(2fc1t)

Inverter

t
Accos(2fc2t)

23

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

FSK
wave

Coherent BFSK Receiver

Tb

dt

Binary
FSK
wave

Accos(2fc1t)

Tb

dt

Decision
device

Threshold = 0

Accos(2fc2t)

24

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Choose 1 if > 0
Choose 0 if < 0

Noncoherent BFSK Receiver

BPF
tuned to
fc1

Envelope
detector

Binary
FSK
wave

S1

Comparison
device
BPF
tuned to
fc2

25

Sample at
time t = kTb

Envelope
detector

S2
Sample at
time t = kTb

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Choose 1 if S1>S2
Choose 0 if S1<S2

Binary Phase-Shift Keying BPSK

Accos(2fct)

t
-Accos(2fct)

Tb
26

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

BPSK spectrum
S

-f
- f 0-

27

Tb

SS

(f)

- f 0+

Tb

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

f
f 0-

Tb

2007

SPEC TRU M PSK

f 0+

Binary PSK Transmitter

Binary
Data sequence in
polar form

Binary
PSK
signal

X
Accos(2fct)
t

28

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Coherent binary PSK Receiver

Binary PSK
wave

Tb

Decision
device

dt

Accos(2fct)

Threshold = 0

Can an envelope detector be used?

29

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Choose 1 if > 0
Choose 0 if < 0

Quadriphase-shift keying (QPSK)

00

t
10

t
11

01

1
30

0
Ts

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

0
2007

QPSK spectrum
S

-f
- f 0-

31

Tb

SS

(f)

- f 0+

Tb

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

f
f 0-

Tb

2007

SPEC TRU M PSK

f 0+

QPSK Transmitter
X
Accos(2fct)
Oscillator
Binary
bipolar
data
sequence

Series to
parallel
converter

-90

Acsin(2fct)

32

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

QPSK
signal

Coherent QPSK Receiver

Threshold = 0
Tb

dt

Decision
device

QPSK
wave

Accos(2fct)

Parallel to
series
converter

-90
Tb

dt

Decision
device

Threshold = 0
33

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Binary Data
sequence

Differential Binary PSK Transmitter

Binary
data

XNOR
Encoded data

Level
shift

One-bit
delay

DBPSK
wave

Accos(2fct)

Delayed Encoded
data
(Binary data) XNOR (Delayed Encoded data) = Encoded data
Binary data
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Delayed Encoded data

Encoded data

Transmitted phase

Transmitted level

-1

-1 -1 -1

Detected bit
34

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Non-coherent Differential Binary PSK Receiver

DBPSK
wave

Tb

X
Delay
Tb

35

Decision
device

dt
0

Threshold = 0

Chapter 9 : Digital Modulation

2007

Choose 1 if > 0
Choose 0 if < 0