Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin: EP604 Microwave Communication System

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POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
EP604 Microwave Communication System
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
EN. MUHAMMAD RIDZUAN BIN IDRIS

EN. MOHD MARAMUZAFAR BIN MOHAMAD
Semester December Session 2012/2013

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1.1
1.1 Introduction
Introduction to
to Microwave
Microwave
Communication
Communication System
System
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
History of microwave communication system.

Satellite.
Evolution of satellites technology.
Features of typical satellite.
1.2
1.2 Satellite
Satellite Orbits
Orbits
1.2.1
Define circular and elliptical orbits.
1.2.2
Sketch the circular and elliptical satellite orbits.
1.2.3
Explain :
a. Circular orbit:
i.
LEO
ii.
MEO
iii. GEO
b. Elliptical orbit
1.2.4
Explain satellite orbital patterns:
a. Polar
b. Inclined
c. Equatorial
Introduction to Microwave Communication System
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1.3
1.3 Explain
Explain the
the Orbital
Orbital Determination
Determination
1.3.1
Describe orbital velocity.
1.3.2
Define look angle.
1.3.3
Explain look angle:
a. Elevation angle
b. Azimuth angle
1.3.4
Explain the stabilization of satellite in the orbit.
1.4
1.4 Understand
Understand Geostationary
Geostationary Satellite
Satellite
1.4.1
Explain geostationary satellite.
1.4.2
State the advantages and disadvantages of
geostationary satellite.
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1.1 Introduction to Microwave

ommunication System
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MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
A microwave is used to describe electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths ranging from 1 cm to 1 m corresponding
frequency range is 300 MHz up to 30 GHz for 1-cm-wavelength
waves.
Application
Communicatio
n
Radio astronomy
Navigatio
Radar
Introduction to MicrowavenCommunication System

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HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM
Developed over 100 years ago (World War II)

In 1945, Michael Faraday Studied the effect of
electromagnetic field on the propagation of light
through glass.
The foundations of modern electromagnetic
theory were formulated in 1873 by James Clerk
Maxwell
Heinrich Hertz, a German professor of physics and
a gifted experimentalist who also understood the
theory published by Maxwell, carried out a set of
experiments during the period 1887-1891 that
completely
validated
Maxwell's
theory
of
electromagnetic waves.
In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi succeeded radio
signal over a distance 1mile and can transmitted

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HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM
Original apparatus used by Hertz for his electromagnetic

experiments.
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DEFINE SATELLITE
What
exactly is a
satellite?
The word satellite originated from the Latin word Satellitmeaning an attendant, one who is constantly hovering around &
attending to a master or big man.
Satellite is simply any body that moves around another (usually
much larger) one in a mathematically predictable path called an
orbit.
A communication satellite is a microwave repeater station in
space that is used for telecommunication , radio and television
signals.
The first man made satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957.
There are about 750 satellite in the space, most of them are
used for communication.
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DEFINE SATELLITE
How do
satellite
work?
Uplin
k
Earth
Statio
n
Satellite
Path
Downlin
k
User
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio

broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means. The
two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their
communication.
One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link
frequency is the frequency at which Ground Station is
communicating with Satellite.
The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down
to the second earth station. This frequency is called a Downlink.
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DEFINE SATELLITE
Advantages of satellite over terrestrial

communication:
*The coverage area of a satellite greatly
exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
*Transmission
cost
of
a
satellite
is
independent of the distance from the center of
the coverage area.
* Satellite to Satellite communication is very
precise.
* Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Disadvantages of satellites:
* Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
* Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used
up.
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Applicat
ion
DEFINE SATELLITE
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Evolution of satellites
technology
1. Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets

2. Launch of Early Artificial Satellites
3. Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific
Exploration - Early Developments.
4. Nongeosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay
Programmer
5. International Communication Satellite Systems
6. Domestic Communication Satellite Systems
7. Satellites for other Applications also make Rapid Progress
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TYPES OF SATELLITES
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TYPES OF SATELLITES
Satellite
Used
Features
Communicatio Audio, video, data Dishes to capture radio
ns
transmission
waves; large solar panels
to
power sound
amplifiers
Orbit
Geosynchronous
(circle
once every 24 hours), 22,300
miles above Earth's Equator.
Earth
Observation
Satellites
Photographing the Barrel-shaped design to Low-flying polar orbit at 90

Earth to observe house mirrors, camera.
to 300 miles above Earth.
changes such as
earthquakes,
drought and for
mineral
prospecting.
Weather
Satellites
Photographing
Similar in design to Earth
changes in cloud observation satellites.
formations,
weather patterns.
Navigation
satellites
Global Positioning GlobalStar

Systems by pilots, Systems.
boaters, etc.
Military
Satellites
Analyzing
global Military satellite designs Both low-flying orbit for
troop and weapon are top-secret.
observation and geosynch
movement;
high orbit (22,300 miles) for
communication.
GPS monitoring satellites.
Special
Satellites
Space observation The Mir Space Station;

and habitation.
Hubble
Telescope;
Magellan Venus orbiter;
Mariner 9 Mars Orbiter.
Low-flying polar orbiters

circle every two hours at
300-600 miles above Earth.
High-flying
geostationary
orbit at 22,300 miles.
Tracking GPS satellites orbit at low

altitude (90-300 mi.).
Space stations orbit at low

altitude (90-300 mi.); deep
space probes travel an
elliptical orbit.
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1.2
Satellite Orbits
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SATELLITE ORBITS
What is
satellite
orbits?
Satellites move in a path around the Earth called an orbit.

Every satellite must have an orbital path and the type of path it
takes is determined by the physics involved
A satellites orbit works because of a balance between two
forces. The orbit is a combination of the satellites velocity the
speed it is travelling in a straight line and the force of the Earths
gravitational pull on the satellite.
Basically, gravity keeps the satellites velocity from sending the
satellite flying out in a straight line away from the Earth, and the
satellites velocity keeps the force of gravity from pulling the
satellite back to Earth.
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CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL

ORBITS.
What is
Circular
orbits?
Though no orbit is perfectly circular, the general name for any
orbit that is not highly elliptical (egg-shaped) is circular. Circular
orbits have aneccentricityof 0. There are several types of
circular orbits and they include:
geostationary
polar
sun-synchronous
Equatorial
Satellite orbits are also classified based on their heights above the
earth:
GEO
LEO
MEO
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CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL

ORBITS.
What is
elliptical
orbits?
An elliptical orbit @ eccentric orbit-in the shape of an ellipse.

satellite's velocity changes depending on where it is in its orbital
path.
When the satellite is in the part of its orbit closest to the Earth,
it moves faster because the Earth's gravitational pull is
stronger.
An elliptical orbit can be useful to acommunications
satellitebecause it allows the satellite to travel over a specific
region for a long portion of its orbit, and it is only out of contact
with that region for a short time when it is zipping quickly around
the other side of the Earth.
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CIRCULAR ORBITS
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GEO
What is GEOGeostationar
y Orbit ?
35,786 km above the earths surface along the equator.

same speed as the earth rotates-the same position relative to the
surface of earth.
Advantages
A GEO satellites distance from earth gives it a large coverage
area, almost a fourth of the earths surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other
multipoint applications
Minimal Doppler shift
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CIRCULAR ORBITS
Disadvantages
Long distance cause it to have both a comparatively weak
signal and a time delay in the signal, which is bad for point
to point communication.
centered above the equator, have difficulty for broadcasting
signals to near polar regions
Launching of satellites to orbit are complex and expensive.
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Low Earth Orbit

(LEO)
What is
LEO-Low
Earth
Orbit ?
ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface.

LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to the surface,
and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be
useful
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Low Earth Orbit

(LEO)
The Iridium system has 66 satellites in six LEO orbits, each at an

altitude of 750 km. Iridium is designed to provide direct worldwide
voice and data communication using handheld terminals, a service
similar to cellular telephony but on a global scale
Advantages
proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite gives it a
better signal strength and less of a time delay-better for
point to point communication.
smaller area of coverage is less of a waste of bandwidth.
Disadvantages
A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly
LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts cause by
their relative movement.
*Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual
orbital deterioration
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Medium Earth Orbit

(MEO)
What is
MEO?
between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earths surface.

MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.
MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than
LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours.
MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.
Advantage
A MEO satellites longer duration of visibility and wider
footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO
network than a LEO network.
Disadvantage
A MEO satellites distance gives it a longer time delay and
weaker signal than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a
GEO satellite.
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SATELLITE ORBITAL
PATTERNS
Classification of orbits:
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SATELLITE ORBITAL
PATTERNS
Equatorial
A satellite in equatorial orbit flies along the line of the

Earth'sequator. To get into equatorial orbit, a satellite must be
launched from a place on Earth close to the equator. NASA often
launches satellites aboard an Ariane rocket into equatorial orbit
from French Guyana.
Equatorial orbits can be useful for satellites observing tropical
weather patterns, as they can monitor cloud conditions around
the globe. Equatorial orbits are usually medium orloworbits.
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SATELLITE ORBITAL
PATTERNS
Incline
d
A satellite is said to occupy an inclined orbit around the Earth if the

orbit exhibits an angle other than zero degrees with the
equatorial plane. This angle is called the orbit's inclination. A planet
is said to have an inclined orbit around the Sun if it has an angle
other than zero to the plane of the ecliptic.
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SATELLITE ORBITAL
PATTERNS
Polar
A polar orbit usually has an inclination of 90 degrees to the

equator. On every pass around the Earth, it passes over both the
north and south poles. Therefore, as the Earth rotates to the east
underneath the satellite which is travelling north and south, it
can cover the entire Earth's surface. A polar orbiting satellite
covers the entire globe every 14 days. Polar orbits are usually
medium orloworbits.
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1.3
Orbital Determination
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ORBITAL
VELOCITY
Orbital
Velocity?
velocity which is give to an artificial earth's satellite a few hundred

kilometers above the earth's surface so that it may start revolving
round the earth.
A satellite in orbit moves faster when it is close to the planet or
other body that it orbits, and slower when it is farther away.
A satellite in circular orbit has a constant speed which
depends only on the mass of the planet and the distance
between the satellite and the center of the planet.
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ORBITAL VELOCITY
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EXAMPLE ORBITAL
VELOCITY
A satellite wishes to orbit the earth at a height of 100 km
(approximately 60 miles) above the surface of the earth. Determine
the speed, acceleration and orbital period of the satellite. (Given:
Mearth = 5.98 x 1024 kg, Rearth = 6.37 x 106 m, G=6.673 x 1011
Nm2/kg2)
= 6.37 x 106 m+100 x 103 m

=6.47 x 106m
v = 7.85 x 103m/s
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LOOK ANGLE
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LOOK ANGLE
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LOOK ANGLE

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STABILIZATION OF SATELLITE IN
THE ORBIT
Stability?
The satellite, once placed in its orbit, experiences various

perturbing torques. These include gravitational forces from other
bodies like solar and lunar attraction, magnetic field interaction,
solar radiation pressure, etc. Due to these factors, the satellite orbit
tends to drift and its orientation also changes. The satellite's
position thus needs to be controlled both in the east-west as well as
the north-south directions.
Commonly employed techniques for satellite attitude control
include:
1. Spin stabilization
2. Three-axis
or body
Introduction
tostabilization
Microwave Communication System

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THE ORBIT
Spin Stability?
With spin stabilization, the entire spacecraft rotates around its own
vertical axis, spinning like a top. This keeps the spacecraft's
orientation in space under control.
The spinning spacecraft resists perturbing forces.
Designers of early satellites used spin-stabilization for their
satellites, which most often have a cylinder shape and rotate at one
revolution every second.
The advantage of spin stabilization is that it is a very simple way
to keep the spacecraft pointed in a certain direction.
A disadvantage of this stabilization is that the satellite cannot
use large solar arrays to obtain power from the Sun. Thus, it
requires large amounts of battery power.
Another disadvantage of spin stabilization is that the
instruments or antennas also must perform despin maneuvers so
that antennas or optical instruments point at their desired targets.

Three-axis
Stability?
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THE ORBIT
With three-axis stabilization, satellites have small spinning

wheels, called reaction wheels or momentum wheels, that rotate
so as to keep the satellite in the desired orientation in relation to
the Earth and the Sun.
If satellite sensors detect that the satellite is moving away from
the proper orientation, the spinning wheels speed up or slow
down to return the satellite to its correct position.
Some spacecraft may also use small propulsion-system
thrusters to continually nudge the spacecraft back and forth to
keep it within a range of allowed positions.
An advantage of 3-axis stabilization is that optical instruments
and antennas can point at desired targets without having to
perform despin maneuvers
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1.4
Geostationary Satellite
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GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITE
What is
Geostationary
Satellite ?
A geostationary orbit is a special case of a geosynchronous orbit.

A satellite is in a geostationary orbit when it appears stationary
from the point of view of an observer on the Earth's surface. This
can only occur when:
The orbit is geosynchronous
The orbit is a circle
The orbit lies in the plane of the Earth's equator
Thus, a geosynchronous satellite will be geostationary only with
the additional restrictions of it being in a circular orbit situated
over the equator.
satellite velocity in this orbit is 3075 m/s.
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ORBITAL VELOCITY
EXAMPLE
Operate in the 2.0 GHz to 18 GHz range

When the inclination and eccentricity of the orbit is zero, the
satellite appears to be stationary to an observer from ground.
Applications:
Telecommunication systems
Radio
Data Transmission systems
ADVANTAGES OF GEOSTATIONARY ORBITS

Make repeated observations over a given area (constant view
area).
Get high temporal resolution data. GOES E and W can give you a
temporal resolution of 1 minute!! Hence, GOES E and W can
effectively monitor the severe weather environment and track
severe storms and hurricanes in real time.
DISADVANTAGES OF GEOSTATIONARY ORBITS
Due to the high orbit, the spatial resolution of the data is not as
great as for the polar orbiting satellites. Poor spatial resolution in
the polar regions (parallax).
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REFERENCE
Donald G. Dudley, 2000 Foundations for Microwave Engineering, A
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION
Stanford Park Division Uses for the Microwave Spectrum
David M. Pozar , 2005, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley &
Sons,Inc
Slide: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Anil K. Maini and Varsha Agrawal, 2007 Satellite Technology:
Principle and Application
Matt Kragen, Rancho Buena Vista High School, Vista, California,
How Satellites Changed the World,
http://historyday.crf-usa.org/2702/index.htm, 11/25/2012
Produced by Galactics. Last updated on: 8 August 1997.
http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/credits/imagecre.html
Dennis Roddy, 2006, Satellite Communications, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Lyndon State College Atmospheric Sciences,
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/remote/lecture_notes/satellite/pla
tforms/geo_adv_disadv.html
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/u6l4c.cf
DharmaIntroduction
Raj Cherukuto2009,
Satellite
Communication,
I. K.
Microwave
Communication
System

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POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EN. MUHAMMAD RIDZUAN BIN IDRIS

Semester December Session 2012/2013

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

History of microwave communication system.

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

1.1 Introduction to Microwave

Semester December Session 2012/2013

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

Developed over 100 years ago (World War II)

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

Original apparatus used by Hertz for his electromagnetic

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Advantages of satellite over terrestrial

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

1. Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Photographing the Barrel-shaped design to Low-flying polar orbit at 90

Global Positioning GlobalStar

Space observation The Mir Space Station;

Low-flying polar orbiters

Tracking GPS satellites orbit at low

Space stations orbit at low

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Semester December Session 2012/2013

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Satellites move in a path around the Earth called an orbit.

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL

An elliptical orbit @ eccentric orbit-in the shape of an ellipse.

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

35,786 km above the earths surface along the equator.

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Low Earth Orbit

ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface.

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN