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WIND ENERGY

WIND ENERGY
Basic Principles of Wind Energy Conversion
Site Selection Considerations
Wind Energy Conversion system
Advantages and Disadvantages of WECS
Wind Energy Collectors
Interconnected System
Environmental Aspects

Basic Principles of Wind


Energy Conversion

NATURE OF THE WIND

Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure


to an area of low pressure and is caused by the uneven
heating of the earths surface by the sun.

The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour)


from the sun.

About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind


energy.

The two major influences are the differential heating


between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the
planet .

LOCAL WINDS
During the day, the air
above the land heats up
more quickly than the
air over water.

The warm air over the


land expands and rises,
and the heavier, cooler air
rushes in to take its place,
creating winds.

Max wind energy available


Kinetic energy of air = mV2
Amount of air available/ unit time
m = AV
Power = Kinetic energy / unit time
P = A V3
is the air density = 1.266 kg/m3 at sea level
A is the rotor swept area
V is the wind speed

Power Output
Power

output from a wind turbine


is given by: (Max wind energy
available)
P = Cp A V3
Where Cp is the power coefficient
is the air density
A is the rotor swept area
V is the wind speed

Cp

describes the fraction of the


power in the wind that may be
converted by the turbine into
mechanical work

Power in the wind


Factors

determine the output from a wind energy


converter:
Wind speed
Cross-section of rotor blade (wind swept area)
Overall conversion efficiency of the rotor,
transmission system and generator or pump.
P = Cp A V3

Power extracted by the rotor = VT x p


Power coefficient : Fraction of the free flow wind power that can be
extracted by a rotor = Power of wind rotor / Power available in the wind
= 0.593
100% efficient wind turbine convert 59% of wind energy to mech
energy. Practical overall wind turbine efficiency 35% (losses due to
gear box, transmission system and generator)

Forces on the blades and thrust on


turbine

There are two types of forces which are acting on the blades.
Circumferential force : acting in the direction of wheel rotation
that provides the torque.
Axial force : acting in the direction of wind stream and
provides an axial thrust that must be counteracted by proper
mech design.
Axial forces are proportional to the square of the diameter of
the turbine wheel, this limits turbine wheel diameter of large
size.

Wind Energy Conversion KE to


usable energy
There are two primary mechanisms for
producing forces from the wind:
Lift
Drag
Lift Force is perpendicular to the wind
direction. It is caused by a pressure difference
between the air on either side of the blade.
Drag Force is in the same direction as the
wind.

KE to Usable Energy

The ratio between lift and drag largely depends on


the shape of the blade and
the angle of attack - the angle of the main line of the blade
(chord line) and the main wind direction.
The lift force is largest for streamlined type.
Depending on the design of the turbine, either drag or lift moves
the blades. Most wind turbines today use the principle of lift rather
than drag.

THANK YOU

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