1

& Error
Accuracy


.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
3

) (...
) (


)(

 -1 Accuracy

E=AB
:
E
: A
:
B

A B
%E
100
B


.1

Point Accuracy

.2

.3

)Full scale output (FSO

A B
%E
100
B

()Percentage of full scale deflection

A
B
C

( )

A B
%E
100
C

2
.1 )(Complete accuracy statement


.1

.2

.3

.4

)( Application error

) (Operating Error

)( Environmental Error

)(Dynamic Error
.1
.2

)(

1 n
x xi
n i 1
n

1
d i xi x
n i 1

1
2

1
2
( xi x )
n i 1


10 25

10



) (
)20 760
10 (

Probe

11

) (

Ess: Steady state Error

Dynamic E.

Dynamic E.

12

 Response time

2 5
.
95 98
2% - 5%

13

 -2 Repeatability

)
(

.
) (Bias
.

: 100 103 105 102 104 105

)(
: 104 105 .

14

105 100
Accuracy
100 5%
100
105 104
Re peatability
100 1%
100

 -3 Reproducibility

15

 -4 Stability


)(
-5 Resolution (Discrimination)

.

1/0 1/0
Resolution 01/0

16

 -6 )(Sensitivity, Amplification, Magnification

)( cm/mv 25 :


y
k
) (/ =

) ( )/ (=

)(y=kx

17

0.5
3 .

3volt
6volts / mm
0.5mm

Sesitivity

40
=(40) 3.14= 126
5/126 ) (
18

 -7 )(

Bias

) (

19

 -8 Linearity

20


Data Analysis

21


Experimental Errors
.1
.2

.3

22

.
: .
.
.
:
.
. .

 Uncertainty

23

) (


) (

) ( ) (
: :
P=V . I
:
E=100 V 2V
I = 10A 0.2A
%eE=(2/100)* 100=2%
%eA=(0.2/10)* 100=2%
) (%4=2+2
.. 100*10=1000
:
Pmax=(100+2)(10+0.2)=1040.4 watt
Pmin=(100-2)(10-0.2)=960.4 watt
%4.04+ %3.96-

24

 ) (



P=100kN/m2 1kN/m2

) (.

.


) 20P=100kN/m2 1kN/m2 (1
20 1
1kN/m2

25

 .

.
R
x1, x2, x3,,xn:
)R=f(x1,x2,x3,.,xn
WR w1, w2,w3,,wn

.
1
2

26

R
R
R
2
2
2
( WR
( w1 )
( w2 ) ...
wn )
x2
xn
x1

P E.I
P
P
I 10 A
E 100volt
E
I

(10 2)

W p ( I .wE ) ( E.wI )
2

Wp

1
2 2

(100 0.2)

1
2 2

28.3watt

Wp

28.3
%W
100
100 2.83%
P
1000
27

 : :
])R=Ro[1+(T-20
Ro =6 0.3% 20 C= 0.004 %1 1-
C T=30 1
:

R (6)1 (0.004)(30 20) 6.24
R
1 (T 20) 1 (0.004)(30 20) 1.04
R
R
R (T 20) (6)(30 20) 60

R
R (6)(0.004) 0.024
T
wR (6)(0.003) 0.018
w (0.004)(0.01) 4 10 5 C 1
wT 1 C

1
2 2

5 2

or 0.49%
28

)wR (1.04) (0.018) (60) (4 10 ) (0.024) (1

2

wR 0.0305

WR
WR wn .

) 5 10
( WR
.
: R

) ( wx
1 5 x
:
(52+12+12+12)1/2 =5.29

29