Genetic

Substance

What
do
you
see
in the
pictur
e?

Introduction
DNA, a nucleic acid, is the basis of
growth, survival, and reproduction in all
organisms. It is also the source of each
individuals distinct features, or traits.
DNA is polymer macromolecule which is
consist of nucleotides.
In nature, an organism inherits DNA
the basis of its traitsfrom parents.
Inheritance is the transmission of DNA
from parents to offspring. Moths look like
moths and not like chickens because they

Introduction
Genetics the field of biology devoted to
understanding how characteristics are
transmitted from parents to offspring.
Hereditythe transmission of
characteristics from parents to offspring.
A trait is a genetically determined
variant of a characteristic, such as yellow
flower color. A trait is may be physical,
biochemical, or behavioral characteristic
of an individual.

Introduction
Gene is a region of DNA that
controls/encode a characteristic/traits of
an organism.
Chromosome is formed from a single
long DNA molecule that contains many
genes, so it is a structure of cell which is
genes are contained.

DNA
C

5 end

Hydrogen bond

G
C

G
C

3.4 nm
C

G
C

1 nm

G
A

3 end

T
A
T

G
A

3 end

T
A

(a) Key features of

DNA structure

0.34 nm
(b) Partial chemical structure

5 end
(c) Space-filling
model

DNA consist of Nucleotides

Nucleotides consist of N-bases,

pentose, and phosphate group.

DNA consist of Nucleotides

Nucleotides consist of N-bases,

pentose, and phosphate group.

Nucleotides consist of N-bases,

pentose, and phosphate group.

Nucleotides consist of N-bases,

pentose, and phosphate group.

Plant cells
chromoso
me

Nucleosome
(10 nm in diameter)
DNA double helix
(2 nm in diameter)

Histones
DNA, the double helix

Histones

Histone
tail

H1

Nucleosomes, or beads on
a string (10-nm fiber)

Chromatid
(700 nm)

30-nm fiber

Loops

Scaffold
300-nm fiber

30-nm fiber
Replicated
chromosome
(1,400 nm)
Looped domains
Metaphase
(300-nm fiber)
chromosome

Human Chromosomes
(In Metaphase)

Chromatin and
Chromosome
The complex of DNA and protein in
chromosomes is called chromatin. It is like
a very tiny fiber.
Chromatin are able to condensed and forms
chromosome.
Chromatid is one of two attached
members of a duplicated eukaryotic
chromosome.

Chromosome Number
In an multicellular organism, each cell
has same number of chromosome, but
the number of chromosomes is different
between different organism/species.
Human has 46 chromosomes, or 23
chromosomes pairs.
Cat has 38 chromosomes, or 19 pairs,
etc.

Allele
Allele is pairs of gene from two
homologous chromosomes.

Allele
Allele is symbolized
with a first letter of
the dominant allele
of traits encoded.
Example:
Character : Color of
flower
Trait (phenotype):
Yellow (dominant),
green (recessive)
Allele (genotype): Y

Human DNA
The human DNA, for example, contains
approximately 3.2 X 109 nucleotides
parceled out into 24 chromosomes.
Each chromosome consists of a single
long linear DNA molecule.
In a DNA double helix, there is one
nucleotide pair per 0.34 nm.

Human DNA
A typical eukaryotic chromosome
contains 1 to 20 cm of DNA.
If a single DNA molecule is 20 cm long, so
it contains approximately 5,8 million
nucleotide pairs.
During metaphase of meiosis and
mitosis, this DNA is packaged in a
chromosome with a length of only 1 to 10
micro meter.