BINOCULAR SINGLE

VISION

BINOCULAR VISION
Binocular visionisvisionin which
creatures having twoeyesuse them
together. The word binocular comes
from twoLatinroots,binifor double,
andoculusfor eye.[1]According to
Fahle (1987),[2]having two eyes
confers six advantages over having
one.

SIX ADVANTAGES
1. It gives a creature a spare eye in case
one is damaged.
2. It gives a widerfield of view. For example,
humans have a maximum horizontal field
of view of approximately 190 degrees
with two eyes, approximately 120
degrees of which makes up the binocular
field of view (seen by both eyes) flanked
by two uniocular fields (seen by only one
eye) of approximately 40 degrees.[3]

SIX ADVANTAGES
3. It can givestereopsisin whichbinocular
disparity(orparallax) provided by the two eyes'
different positions on the head gives
precisedepth perception. This also allows a
creature to break thecamouflageof another
creature.
4. It allows the angles of the eyes' lines of sight,
relative to each other (vergence), and those lines
relative to a particular object (gaze angle) to be
determined from the images in the two eyes.
[4]These properties are necessary for the third
advantage.

SIX ADVANTAGES
5. It allows a creature to see more of, or all of,
an object behind an obstacle. This
advantage was pointed out byLeonardo da
Vinci, who noted that a vertical column
closer to the eyes than an object at which a
creature is looking might block some of the
object from the left eye but that that part of
the object might be visible to the right eye.
6. It givesbinocular summationin which the
ability to detect faint objects is enhanced.[5]

 Other phenomena of binocular vision includeutrocular

discrimination(the ability to tell which of two eyes has been
stimulated by light),[6]eye dominance(the habit of using
one eye when aiming something, even if both eyes are
open),[7]allelotropia(the averaging of the visual direction
of objects viewed by each eye when both eyes are open),
[8]binocular fusionorsingleness of vision(seeing one
object with both eyes despite each eye's having its own
image of the object),[9]andbinocular rivalry(seeing one
eye's image alternating randomly with the other when each
eye views images that are so different they cannot be
fused).[10]
Binocular vision helps with performance skills such as
catching, grasping, and locomotion.[11]It also allows
humans to walk over and around obstacles at greater speed
and with more assurance.[12]Orthoptistsare eyecare
professionals who fix binocular vision problems.

Singleness of vision
Once the fields of view overlap, there is a potential for confusion
between the left and right eye's image of the same object. This can
be dealt with in two ways: one image can besuppressed, so that only
the other is seen, or the two images can be fused. If two images of a
single object are seen, this is known asdouble visionordiplopia.
Fusion of images (commonly referred to as 'binocular fusion') occurs
only in a small volume of visual space around where the eyes are
fixating. Running through the fixation point in the horizontal plane is
a curved line for which objects there fall on corresponding retinal
points in the two eyes. This line is called the empirical
horizontalhoropter. There is also an empiricalvertical horopter, which
is effectively tilted away from the eyes above the fixation point and
towards the eyes below the fixation point. The horizontal and vertical
horopters mark the centre of the volume of singleness of vision.
Within this thin, curved volume, objects nearer and farther than the
horopters are seen as single. The volume is known asPanum's
fusional area(it's presumably called an area because it was

Eye dominance
When each eye has its own image of objects, it
becomes impossible to align images outside ofPanum's
fusional areawith an image inside the area.[16]This
happens when one has to point to a distant object with
one's finger. When one looks at one's fingertip, it is
single but there are two images of the distant object.
When one looks at the distant object it is single but
there are two images of one's fingertip. To point
successfully, one of the double images has to take
precedence and one be ignored or suppressed (eye
dominance). The eye that can both move faster to the
object and stay fixated on it is more likely to be termed
as thedominant eye.[16]

Stereopsis
The overlapping of vision occurs due to the
position of the eyes on the head (eyes are located
on the front of the head, not on the sides). This
overlap allows each eye to view objects with a
slightly different viewpoint. As a result of this
overlap of vision, binocular vision provides depth.
[17]Stereopsis(from stereo- meaning "solid" or
"three-dimensional", and opsis meaning
appearance or sight) is the impression of
depth that is perceived when a scene is viewed
with both eyes by someone with normal binocular
vision.[17]

Allelotropia
Because the eyes are in different
positions on the head, any object
away from fixation and off the plane
of the horopter has a differentvisual
directionin each eye. Yet when the
two monocular images of the object
are fused, creating aCyclopean
image, the object has a new visual
direction, essentially the average of
the two monocular visual directions.

Binocular rivalry
When very different images are shown to
the same retinal regions of the two eyes,
perception settles on one for a few
moments, then the other, then the first,
and so on, for as long as one cares to look.
This alternation of perception between the
images of the two eyes is calledbinocular
rivalry.[19]Humans have limited capacity
to process an image fully at one time.
That is why the binocular rivalry occurs.

Thank You